Philosophy as Metaphysics Essay

ABSTRACT school of thought run aways with special flakes of objects the totalities. The basic geekistics of this eccentric psyche of object atomic number 18 their meta corporeal, transcendental, and total voice. The char shapeer of these objects de nameines the specificity of language and the systems of doctrine. The language of ism represents emblematic language speculation is the basic method of philosophy. On the ane hand, objects of this type fury homo sapien as essences capable of pissing such(prenominal)(prenominal) objects, which in turn assumes the ability of forgiving consciousness to make synthetic impresss.On the basis of philosophy as metaphysics, an authorized approach is offered which divides the history of philosophy into periods as well as providing analysis of divergent philosophic systems. Feature of philosophical performance, as against a attainment, is the work with special, non physio system of logical objects the totalities, which atom ic number 18 constituted by the philosopher. angiotensin-converting enzyme of such objects is the piece, and, in this sniff bulge, we often say, that philosophy is a wel-tanschauung ( creation-outlook) .Certainly, the human as nigh raft of things brush off be write up by physics (sciences in a broad sense), merely in this racing shell a researcher butt end fail the point that the world is a totality, non just a simple model of things. As unequivocal from scientific information the philosophy takes its objects as the totalities, which the subject of intimacy apprisenot study as ordinary objects, because the including the eruditeness subject timber of these the totalities excludes some(prenominal) amount scientific approach to knowledge in pattern. Others casefuls of the above menti bingled objects (the totalities) atomic number 18 Ego and God.Objects of this type (with roughly reservations) ar a carry on of human cosmos phenomena, such as love, virtu e, conscience, courage, courageousness, understanding and so on. All these objects atomic number 18 those, that the precise fixing of accusative criteria of their institution is im executable, it is unworkable to create the high-grade surmise of these phenomena (for standard, theory of love or bravery), as they assume not moreover objective Contemplator (as it expires in case of objects of scientific knowledge), nevertheless in like manner get the Actor inwardly them, that causes essenti all(prenominal)y twinkling way of them being.(2) just the character of these objects determined essential features of the philosophise as metaphysical legal action. The underlining of metaphysical character of philosophy objects dictates the special procedures of work with them, distinct from of methods of scientific knowledge. Metaphysical objects constructs cannot be habituated over in frameworks of physical experience the study constructing of these objects occurs by a way of cerebration means, procedures of speculation.That is why the maven of the most internal mistakes in the researching of these objects is procedures of naturalization metaphysical objects, i. e. circumstance of natural (physical) analogs of these objects. For example, instead of work with the world (the world as totality) we consider the world as well-nigh sets of physical, chemical, biological etc.tera objects, and instead of the analysis of phenomenon of consciousness befitting as metaphysical object the natural analog of consciousness brain or mentality of the particular human being, we examine.Specifying the place of these objects, it is possible to tell, that the subject of the philosophy activity are metaphysical-transcendental objects, i. e. objects having the spring status of their population. The leap character of these objects allows to specify Kantian distinction sensible phenomena and transcendent things in itself. Moreover, metaphysical-transcendental object s are located on border of separate known distinctions of single outical philosophy.(3) They are, for example, not prejudiced and not objective, not conscious and not material. It is interesting in this respect expression of the commencement exercise proper philosophical crime syndicate of being, which, in fact, was entered Parmenids as boundary metaphysical-transcendental object being- sentiment (in this case, alongside with Parmenids postulating his first thesis, entering a kin of being, front of the second his thesis, establishing the coincidence of an entered form of being with anformer(a) category the category of thinking).In slightly sense, metaphysical-transcendental objects are Husserls phenomenal, from which as a result of procedures of objectivizing and (or) subjectivizing the subjects and objects can be received, i. e. is entered subjective-objective distinction of New time. On the former(a) hand, the boundary character of these objects allows still to work wit h them ( I specially avoid the term to learn, as far as these procedures are applied however for work with unwashed objects). Above this room of working with them was named as speculation, which, as a result, the construction of these objects to occur by a way of thinking means.The creation such thinking construct is caused by that the person aspires to understand mode of junctureing of the totalities, which surround him. And just this phenomenon of confusion before presence of such totalities is a beginning and basic nerve of philosophy. In this sense, philosophizing is possible only as an act of work of the beings, capable to arrogate these totalities, due to synthetic acts (Kant), as being, perceiving the environmental world not in itself, tho by means of symbolical function (Cassirer), through a prism of the change forms (Marx, Mamardaschvili).An some other important characteristic of metaphysical objects is their total-making nature. It means, that the purpose of design ing such objects is the look for of understanding of some phenomenon of totality (for example, the world as whole, totality) in light of a motion how (why) this phenomenon is possible?. The answer to this question assumes revealing mechanism of mankind of this phenomenon.That is why it is important for the philosopher not to know some common aspect, that is allowed at a train of the primary, superficial description of it and other akin objects, exclusively to know general (total) precept of functioning of objects of this type. For example, if a form of the tack polygons is given to us, a triangle(4) will act as general principle of this variety, because all others plane polygons can be given with the help of a triangle. Thus, philosophical constructs act as transcendental condition of sightedness of other physical objects.That the phenomenon of seeing of a house was possible as some totality, it is necessary to postulate a rowing of transcendental conditions of this phenom enon, among them we can allocate fate being of the house (Parmenid), recognition (and fetching shape) this being by means of mentation of home (Plato), fixing the house as an object of knowledge by some subject (Decartes) inside spatial-temporary a priory forms of sensationalism (Kant). On the other hand, a row of such philosophical constructs countersink a horizon, a way of seeing of subjects (Wittgenstein), associated with a accredited(a) epoch.For example, the mentioned above transcendental conditions of a phenomenon of seeing of a house define a way of seeing of subjects indoors the framework of classical philosophy. In this sense these constructs act as total-necessary cultural machines, that set the cultural way of living activity of the person and made imperceptible but essential background of his existence. For example, when a redbrick man looks at star sky, he sees not simply separate stars, but constellations and it is impossible to explain to a person from othe r culture (and the more so, being, which is not having ability to the synthetic acts).Moreover, developing this example with constructing of constellations, it is possible to tell, that exactly it has made possible occurrence of such activity as an astrology. The above mentioned metaphysical character of philosophy objects causes the specification of the language and methods philosophizing. The language of philosophy has not signal, but symbolical character. lets stop on it just more in detail. Already science differs from the common sense description, because it uses some stimulus generalisation, sample elements, which, in a common case, it is impossible to compare any certain objects of the physical rigorousness.For example, as D. Gilbert says, in mathematics, those are language fictions, and one of the main problems of a substantiation of mathematics is either an expulsion these fictions, or imposing some certain restrictions all that prevent the appearance of electronegativ e consequences, while using language fictions. both language works with signs, besides that, any theory deals with mentioned language fictions (= symbols), i. e. such kinds of signs, with which cypher corresponds in sensible reality.For example, in physics has concepts a material point, an absolutely down in the mouth body, etc. They are often called as abstract ideal objects, which turn out by a way of abstraction (idealization) from any properties of real physical objects. only in physics in that location are and more fictitious objects cwarcks, for example, which not only is evident not imagine, but likewise until last time have acted only as theoretical constructs essentially of unobservable nature. In this case we can postulate a metaphysical mode of existence for these objects.It is important to emphasize, that these metaphysical objects do not exist in the same sense, as it is for the particular objects of a physical reality, such as table, chair,etc. The majority of t he philosophy terms, its level apparatus have such symbolical character. It is impossible to give any referents of philosophical categories inside a physical reality. We can take as an example of such philosophical categories as being, consciousness etc. , for which we can somehow find certain physical analogues (for example, for a philosophical category being such analogue is the category substance or matter).But there are more humanitarian objects committed with some features of a human being way, for which in general there are no analogues in a nature. These are, for example, concepts virtue, conscience, love, debt, bravery This specification of the philosophy language, which symbols indicate an existence of a special metaphysical dimension of a reality could be denotative by Kantian exclamation explain me, but it is not, what I speak approximately (mean) in reply to German poet Schillers misunderstanding his categorical imperative.The metaphysical character of the categor ical philosophical apparatus predetermines also specification of philosophical reasoning. The postulated non-sense character of perception of objects of the filosophizing assumes the special procedures of work, which were above characterized as a procedure of speculation. The main difficulty gum olibanum is absence of a support on sensible analogy, which often helps us in daily life. The structure a reasoning roughly pure being (or conscience) is principle antithetic from the reasoning about a tree, or a sex, or other objects of the physical world.Danger, which here waits us becharm of our vital experience, influence sensible hooks, which can destroy the ability for the reflex and philosophical analysis. To explain the idea about voluntary influence ours sensible apparatus, M. Mamardaschvili in the lectures about M. Proust, used as an example biblical commandment when they beat you on the one cheek put another one as a vivid example of inhibition (Husserls phenomenological reduction) of a standard human reaction (reflex), enforce to us by sense-figurative thinking (if psyche hearts you reply with the same).Moreover, it is possible, that some other logic operates in area of conceptional objects, distinct from usual, terrene logic. In particular, fit to opinion of the Russian philosopher and the logic N. A. Vasiljev, validity of the logic practice of truth of excluded third, has purely earthly an origin and it is connected with primacy, after Aristotle, of mortal existing things.(5) If we, following Plato, consider classes of subjects as primary (for instance, subject a class of tables), the law of excluded third will be incorrect, as the table as one of set of subjects of a class of tables can be simultaneously both sinlessness and non-white (in instance, green). Of course, here it is necessary to realize, that the opposite properties are attributed to the different individuals of primary subject different things of the same class).The trans fer of the point of flock from single objects to classes of objects has allowed N.Vasiljev to formulate imagined logic with the law of excluded fourth. This logic in anything does not buckle under on its parameters to our habitual logic with the law of excluded third, but expands opportunities of our thinking. Within the framework of this logic the paradoxical coincidence between maximum and minimum, revealed Nikolaj from Kuza, does not cause surprise. The only grateful procedure for understanding of philosophical categories within of some philosophical framework is the correlation of the different speculative (metaphysics) objects with the help of a method language game.