Cubic miles

The cost driver I used in the revised exhibit is the cubic miles of snow, because in the case it stated that â€Å". .. The number of hours needed to clear the roadways depended to a great extent on cubic miles of snow. â€Å", which means if there's more snow on the ground, the plow drivers would work extra hours and therefore the department needs to pay more. Thus costs increase. Section AWE Group 3 1 . Apparently the flexible budget is more informative and reasonable. Because it Includes many activities that may increase the total budget cost, Make it adjustable hen there is an extreme weather and requires more plow drivers 2.The public works director's goal was trying to implement the new responsibility accounting system. Yes, I think the new approach is effective because It will give Sam Donaldson the quarterly report, Sam can be aware of the budget difference and make prompt adjustments, Help the department keep the costs within its budget 3. Yes the director should consult S am, for The new director is newly hired and lack certain amount of experience, Sam Donaldson is more experienced and can make appropriate adjustments to keep the costs within the budgets.

Consideration is the essential element Essay

Introduction 1 According to Lord Pollock’s definition of consideration which is an act or forbearance of one party, or the promise thereof, is the price for which the promise of the other is bought and the promise thus given for value is enforceable.2 Besides that, consideration must be something of value given or promised in exchange for the promise given by the other party in order for a valid contract to be formed.3 The term â€Å"something of value† can be defined as a payment, an act or services, an object or giving up legal right. There are certain rules of consideration that have been established in the precedent case. The first rule of consideration is it will only exist when a contract is to be enforceable.4 Secondly, a good consideration can be done in the present and future but not the past.5 A consideration can be done even though the promisor has no knowledge of it.6 The fourth rule of consideration is it does not have to be adequate or commercially realistic.7 Also, consideration must be tangible and cannot be too vague. 8 Lastly, consideration must be legally sufficient in the eye of the law.9 The objective of this research essay is to discuss and explain the rule of the consideration which is consideration does not have to be adequate or commercially realistic but it has to be sufficient and how these legal concepts relate to the cases. Thus, this research essay also discusses whether Australia contract law should provide greater clarity about what is sufficient consideration. Consideration can be Nominal It is one of the rules of consideration where consideration does not have to be adequate or commercially realistic.10 This rule simply means that the price in return does not have to be right.11 Thus, court will not look into whether the price is adequate or not, as long as some price is paid, the court will not look further about it. Even though it is a very low price or a nominal price is paid or promised, the price might be a price in name only. The case of Thomas v Thomas12is often cited on this rule. In the case of Thomas v Thomas where Thomas was ill and he had made a will but had made no provision for his wife’s residence after his death. He called his executor and requested that when he died his wife could live in his house until her demise. The executor agreed and later drew up an agreement with  the Thomas’s wife. She was requires to pay $ 1.00 per year to stay in the house until she died. The court held that, any amount of money is enough to support a contract even though the price that requires to paid was only a nominal price. Thus, the court will not look behind the price as long as a price is paid or promised. Through the case of Thomas v Thomas, it shows that any some of money even it is small or nominal, it will constitute good consideration for a contract.13 Besides that, the court are not involved in the price detailed for two reason which the first is the â€Å"freedom of contract† principle applies and the second reason is that the case wouldn’t end if the court did look into more detail of the price to be paid.14 Furthermore, consideration does not only express in currency terms, it can also be anything valuable. This concept has been stated in the case of Chappell & Co v Nestle Co Ltd.15 In the case of Chappell & Co v Nestle Co Ltd, Nestle want to promote their sale of the chocolate, they offered recorded music to the public for the sterling equivalent of 15 cents, but buyers had to also send in the wallpaper from three 5 cents chocolate bar. Where, Chappell owned the copyright of one of tunes in the free record so they charge Nestle 6.25% of the retail selling price. Chappell claimed revenue of 6.25% of the record price plus the value of three chocolate bar wrappers. The court held that the empty wrappers were part of revenue collected. The fact that the empty wrappers have no intrinsic value to Nestle was irrelevant. Thus, the consideration for the free record was the money plus the value of three chocolate bars wrappers. As we can see from the case of Chappell & Co v Nestle Co Ltd, the chocolate bars wrappers would have constituted sufficient consideration in the eye of the law.16 Therefore, consideration does not only express in money term, it can also be anything that is valuable. Consideration must be tangible This is another rule of consideration where it must not be too vague or indefinite.17 Consideration must be tangible but not nebulous.18 This has been shown in the case of White v Bluett.19 In White v Bluett, a son  borrowed money from his father and signed a â€Å"promissory note† to prove the debt. He notices that similar loans were made by his father to his brother without a note having been signed. He harassed his father, and his father told him that he would forgive the repayment of debt if the son ceases the harassment. After the father died, the administrator of the estate found out the note and sued the son but the son argued that the debt had been forgiven in consideration of his undertaking to cease harassment. The court held that there is no consideration as the promise was too vague to have legally recognized value. From the case of White v Bluett, it shown that if a promise is relied on as consideration is too vague and indefinite that the courts will not enforced it and it will not constitute consideration.20 Consideration must be Legally Sufficient This rule simply mean that consideration must be sufficient and it must have a legally value recognised value.21 Thus, a mere moral obligation or the natural love and affection do not deliver sufficient consideration.22 This has been shown in the case of Eastwood v Kenyon.23 In this case, as a guardian, Eastwood had incurred many expenses for the girl. 24 As an adult, the girl and her husband Kenyon promised to pay Eastwood.25 At the end, they refuse to pay back then Kenyon was sued upon this promise. Therefore, the situation show that such a moral obligation is not a consideration.26 Besides that, in general rule a promise to perform an existing obligation is not a sufficient consideration as it promises no more than what that party already bound to do.27The rule expresses the concept of illusory consideration. Thus, when there is a promise not to sue, or when there is an abandon to a claim, it can be a sufficient consideration. This has been shown in the case of Wigan v Edward28. Where the court decision is that, given that the buyer honestly believed that they do not need to settle unless he rectified the defects, the compromise of that belief provided good consideration for the builder’s promise.29 Furthermore, performing an obligation under a pre-existing contract is not a good consideration for a new promise for extra payment unless the performance of the obligation requires additional tasks to be completed or  involves providing additional practical benefit to the promisor.30 The additional practical benefit is an exception to the rule that a promise to carry out a pre-existing duty may create valid consideration. This has been show in the case of Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls (Contractors).31 In Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls, Roffey were a firm of builders contracted to renovate a block of flats. Their own contract contained a penalty clause for late completion, so it was in their interest to finish the work in time. Part of this work they sub-contracted to Williams. As work progressed, Williams fell behind schedule because, they claimed, they had not set an adequate price for the work. They negotiated a new deal with Roffey that an additional sum was to be pay on the completion of each building. When the next building was complete, Roffey refused to pay. The court held that, there was consideration in this case as the new agreement conferred additional practical benefit on Roffey, in particular an early completion would allow them to avoid the exercise of the penalty clause. As we can see from the case of Williams v Roffey Bros & Nicholls, a promise to perform an existing contractual duty does not provide valuable consideration but the case show that Roffey had provide additional practical benefit and then consideration exist. Conclusion In conclusion, consideration must be of sufficient value in the eye of law and it must be something that identifiable and tangible. Thus, it does not have to be commercially adequate to the promise as the parties are free to make their own bargains and the court will not get involve into the commercial adequacy.32 Therefore, Australia Contract Law should not provide greater clarity as it is a sufficient consideration.

Power Corrupts in Animal Farm

Power is authority and strength, which is any form of motive force or energy, ability to act, or control. When too much power is given, a dictatorship government can form, in which all decisions are made by one authority. In the book Animal Farm, by George Orwell the author portrays how â€Å"Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely†. From the death of Old Major, Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer replaced him. At first things started off pretty well; the harvest was very good the first year and the reading and writing system had helped some, but had limited success on others.In time, the leaders of animal farm started to have mixed feelings. Snowball and Napoleon were in constant disagreement. An important meeting that was held ended with an astonishing outcome. One decision that was made was concerning the windmill project and the most important decision made was who would be the head animal. Snowball and Napoleon each gave their input on what needs to be done around the farm. â€Å"Snowball stood up and, though occasionally interrupted by bleating from the sheep, set forth his reasons for advocating the building of the windmill.Then Napoleon stood up to reply. He said very quietly that the windmill was nonsense and that he advised nobody to vote for it†. At this time, Snowball jumped back up to convince the people that it was a good idea to build a windmill. Then Napoleon sent his dogs after snowball and they chased him off the farm. Since Snowball had been expelled, Napoleon took over â€Å"The Manor Farm† which led to food shortage, hard labor, and deaths. He used his knowledge and education to take over the farm.With all the pigs and dogs on his side Napoleon had absolute power. The pigs were the brains of the farm and the dogs were the military force of the farm. Napoleon had complete control over the farm. Napoleon’s power corrupted the whole idea of Animalism & The Seven Commandments, which the farm fi rst started with. The power that the three pigs obtained had corrupted them and, then Napoleon received absolute power, which corrupted the society as a whole. Throughout the story Napoleon’s power continually increases, but he’s never quite satisfied.Napoleon is always greedy for more power. Napoleon's standards are that he must have complete power and rule over everyone, though he becomes corrupt because he gains absolute power over everyone on the farm. Stalin loses power because he is always hungry for more power, and is never satisfied with the power that he has. As Stalin dies Russia is completely corrupt because the power was not evenly distributed, and the citizens did not count as people. No power is given to the people under Stalin’s rule.Only him, and a few other privileged individuals live with power and respect in the community. In conclusion, history has proven that power is the root of all evil in a communism style government or congregation. In A nimal Farm, the animals tried to be equal, but in time, some animals had certain views and different opinions and some gradually became more powerful. No matter how hard in society we try, equality will never truly be reached by mankind for the reason that  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely† (Lord Acton).

Jesus and Mohammed Two Great Holy Personalities Essay

Jesus and Mohammed Two Great Holy Personalities - Essay Example The Biblical traditions, based on the records collected by four true followers of Christ, provide a detailed account of Christ’s birth and people’s reaction on the virgin birth. The Holy Torah had manifestly prophesized about the virgin birth of Messiah, as the Scripture predicts in these words: Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign; Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel. (Isaiah, 7:14) It is because of these predictions that the Magi travelled wide to see the holy child at the eve of his birth. However, an overwhelming majority of the Romans and Jews refused to acknowledge the holy birth of Holy Christ as virgin. Thus, the opposition of the Savior started from the very first day of the Holy Virgin Mary’s return to her city. Though little information is available about Christ’s childhood and early youth, yet the historians and theologians are of the opinion that Mary had taken him to Egypt in order to escape the wrath of his enemies. Hence, like his predecessor holy prophets, including Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Moses, Zachariah and others, Holy Christ also had to face opposition from the prosperous stratum of his society. Jesus preached and lived by truly radical ethics. In contrast to the prevailing patriarchal society and extensive proscriptions against impurity, he touched lepers and a bleeding woman to heal them; in his â€Å"table fellowship,† he ate with people of all classes shreds of evidence.... The Holy Torah had manifestly prophesized about the virgin birth of Messiah, as the Scripture predicts in these words: Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign; Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel. (Isaiah, 7:14) It is because of these predictions that the Magi travelled wide to see the holy child at the eve of his birth. However, an overwhelming majority of the Romans and Jews refused to acknowledge the holy birth of Holy Christ as virgin. Thus, the opposition of the Savior started from the very first day of the Holy Virgin Mary’s return to her city. Though little information is available about Christ’s childhood and early youth, yet the historians and theologians are of the opinion that Mary had taken him to Egypt in order to escape the wrath of his enemies. Hence, like his predecessor holy prophets, including Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Moses, Zachariah and others, Holy Christ also had to face oppositi on from the prosperous stratum of his society. Jesus preached and lived by truly radical ethics. In contrast to the prevailing patriarchal society and extensive proscriptions against impurity, he touched lepers and a bleeding woman to heal them; in his â€Å"table fellowship,† he ate with people of all classes. In a culture in which the woman’s role was strictly circumscribed, he welcomed women as his disciples. (Fisher, 2005: 293) The researches reveal the very fact that Jesus returned to his native land Jerusalem from Egypt at the age of thirty. It was the time when he started preaching the virtue and nobility to the people of Nazareth. Jesus was highly

Identifying Success Factors Implementing ERP in Small Organisations Dissertation

Identifying Success Factors Implementing ERP in Small Organisations - Dissertation Example Center of discussion in this paper are Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. They are computer software packages that enable companies to manage all of their operations, such as sales, manufacturing, inventory, accounting, etc. using a single platform. ERP systems officially arrived in the early 1990s, though they evolved over the previous few decades as the separate programs of each functional area began to be integrated into one program. The intent of a single integrated software package was to reduce the direct costs associated with multiple packages (re-entering, reformatting, and reconciling redundant data) while aiding the communication between the functional areas of a business, such as sales and production. The market for ERP systems continues to grow faster than any other software market with significant number of companies worldwide have already implemented an ERP system. The vast scope of an ERP system magnifies the typical "risk-reward" relationship of any business initiative. Davenport described ERP systems as profoundly complex pieces of software that require large investments of money, time and expertise. Correspondingly, he stated that although implementing an ERP system could deliver great rewards for a company, implementation failure could be fatal. In fact, many well- known companies experienced significant challenges implementing their ERP systems. This led researchers to provide insight into what organisations could do to increase their chances of implementation success, resulting in the identification of ERP system implementation Critical Success Factors (CSFs) (Al-Fawaz, Al-Salti, & Eldabi, 2008). Various authors have developed lists of CSF's (Al-Fawaz et al., 2008, AI-Mashari et al., 2003, Stratman and Roth, 2002, Umble et al., 2003). These factors are not specific to any particular ERP software program as they are based on the organisational aspects of the implementation rather than the technical functionality of the program. Exam ples of such factors include strategic visioning/planning, management support, project management, and training. Proficiently addressing these CSFs should increase the chances of a successful implementation (Ehie, 2005; Thomas & Huq, 2007). However, with so many factors involved in an ERP system implementation project, there can be no guarantee of implementation success. ERP systems, like many other technological advances, were initially implemented only at large organisations. Over the years, software vendors began to provide ERP systems specifically targeted for midsize market price tolerance and functionality requirements, leading more and more small organisations to implement ERP systems. Small organisations have been shown to posses significantly different characteristics when compared to large organisations (McAdam, 2002, Ghobadian and Gallear, 1996, Lee and Oakes, 1995). Their organisational structures and culture are relatively informal, their leadership is intimately involv ed in daily operations and typically lack long-term strategic planning. Furthermore, they have limited human and financial resources, and often lack a dedicated full-time Information Technology (IT) person. All of these factors combine into a significantly different organisational environment for an ERP system implementation when compared to large organisations. The existing research on ERP CSFs is heavily based on experiences at large organisations. This is understandable, considering that only a few small organisations had previously implemented ERP systems, which limited the ability to conduct research that is small organisation specific. Thus, more research is needed to identify the CSFs of ERP implementations at small organisations and how they compare to the established list of CSFs that is based on large organisatio

To What Extent Can the Thought of Past And Present Diplomatic Essay

To What Extent Can the Thought of Past And Present Diplomatic Practitioners Help to Inform Contemporary Diplomatic Challenges - Essay Example The goal of international diplomacy in peace keeping is maintaining power over weaker nations. It also aims at the maintenance of power balance between countries of equal status (Berridge & Keens, 2004, p78). Despite the fact that several conflict resolution theorists have come up and developed multifaceted comprehension of power, diplomacy still assert on the concept that power is a zero sum commodity, thus when a person has more, the other has less. This concept and understanding of power in the traditional society has indeed led to the encouragement of positional bargaining rather than the common cooperative and integrative approach. Positional bargaining, in the current society, is necessary as it ensures that one nation has led a lot of peace promotion methods in several nations (Moore, 2008, p143). Despite being ruled out by some critics as an inappropriate step aimed at helping two different parties reaches an agreement over a given issue, proponents argue that it is one of th e most appropriate methods of negotiation. This is because the issue of interest is to reach an agreement just like the buyer and the seller. The buyer’s interest is to acquire the product in a relatively cheap price whereas the seller’s aim is to get the maximum product from the sale of a product. That is the interest or aim of the two is simply a common price. Considering this concept, it is succinct that this concept of diplomacy will be of great use for the future diplomacy if taken seriously and professionally by diplomats. Another importance of traditional diplomacy that will be of great use in the future is its formality and protocol oriented in nature. These features were used to show the goodwill gestures during... This paper approves that current diplomatic practitioners have also shown some aspects of international solidarity. This has mainly been used to offer resolution to short term crises, for instance support of the civil society over time in certain nations like Ukraine has contributed to the finding of resolutions to problems that were short term in nature. The problems included internal and domestic actions which were mainly from different individuals expressing their desire for democratic rights in the European nation. There were boycotts, demonstrations as well as other forms of civil resistances. Inside reformers and insists usually seek for necessary inspirations from the models from other societies. They also take counsel and advice from comparable prior learning experiences by other many reformers, most of whom are recent diplomats. This report makes a conclusion that no country in the world can survive in its own. Every nation requires the service of another in order to maintain and satisfy the requirements and needs of its people. Trade is an economical pivot to every country. It brings in what the country never produces and gives out what the country produces but never uses exhaustively. In order for trade to thrive, there must be peace. Peace is brought about by international integration and understanding between the two nations. This, thus calls for the need for diplomacy. The past and the present diplomatic practitioners have mainly set examples to future practitioners as well as promised the world that peaceful integration between warring nations is underway.

British Airways Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

British Airways - Assignment Example British Airways is the largest airline in the United Kingdom. It has been the leader in innovations. Summerfield (2005) reports an innovative way that the airline allows its staff to be involved in the decision making process, â€Å"†¦British Airways’ learning division has used to promote organizational values is its ‘Owning Our Future’ program. We live in a modern society that is extremely dynamic especially due to technology. With the addition of the Internet and technology, the demands and challenges of the corporate world requires companies to develop product/process innovations and new production/technological developments. This is crucial in meeting the ever-changing demands of consumers. British Airways must also use innovative products and processes in order to deal with the negative aspects of business. An increase in income, quality of life, social factors, and mobility has increased the number of air passengers. Easier bookings and reservations, d iscounted pricing, and convenience are advantages that have been provided to consumers via technology and the Internet. With these advantages also come disadvantages in the current global marketplace. The cost of labour, maintenance, fuel, etc. also produces demands on British airways. The market is intensely competitive; hence, the airline must employ innovative tactics in order to manage the dynamic industry. It uses the Internet to sell tickets and to develop its marketing environment. British Airways also focused on their human resource and its relationship with employees. A psychological contract and reward system are two main targets. British Airways Waterside (1994-2002) reports that, "British Airways wanted to change the way they did business by introducing some new working practices. Among the things they set out to achieve were streamlined communications, minimizing paper and working more effectively as a team. In order to achieve these objectives a comprehensive educational program was designed. This British Airways 4 was initially

E-Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

E-Business Strategy - Essay Example The music generated by this company may be accessed through browsing by artists, albums and created playlists. It aims to connect millions of people with their favourite songs and create a service that people love to use. It made an easily accessible music and created a win-win situation for people who love listening to music and artists who love creating music. Spotify has created a lightweight software application that users will simply download and then log onto their service enabling on demand streaming of music. Several retailers were recruited by the company who facilitate the access of the music by the listeners through purchase in franchise mode. Its services are very well available in nations like Finland, United Kingdom, France and Norway. Spotify was launched in April 2008 by a team led by Daniel Ek, former CTO of Stardoll, and Martin Lorentzon at Spotify AB, Stockholm, Sweden and its head quarters is located at 103 New Oxford Street London, England WC1A 1DD United Kingdom. It comes under consumer internet companies. Its research and development wing is located in Stockholm, Sweden. The size of the company Spotify is very small with about 85 employees working for the production of music with highest level of quality and perfection. Its structure includes a Global Head of Business Management, Vice President (Engineering), Vice President (Products), Process Manager and Production Manager (Product Development), Advisor, legal Cousel and several other functionaries. its inter relation with other clients and all other functionaries involved in the development of products. It could attract an incredible 1 million subscribers in the UK which is very significant for a region with a population of about 60 million. Spotify is generally funded by paid subscriptions and advertisements played periodically by the Spotify player at intervals in between

International delivery of Coke products(supply chain management) Essay

International delivery of Coke products(supply chain management) - Essay Example Every firm has a functional supply chain that is continuously improved to enhance firm operations; this paper sets out to discuss the international delivery of coke products/ supply chain management. The Coca-Cola company is a multi-billion international beverage company that exclusively licenses and markets over 5oo nonalcoholic beverage brands; most of the beverages marketed by Coca-Cola are primarily glistening beverages, but the company also markets still beverages like waters, enriched waters, juices, ready teas and coffees, and energy/sports drinks. Some of the sparkling nonalcoholic products marketed by the Coca-Cola Company include Coca-Cola, Diet-Coke, Fanta, and Sprite; the company has various segments such as Eurasia and Europe among others, bottling investments and company. Coca-Cola is the world’s most powerful brands that has dominated the global soft drink market for more than a century now due to its highly visionary and excellence oriented operational framewor k. The company’s extensive and complex supply chain includes a number of different organizations such as plants, bottlers, warehouses, and customers, in addition to multiple product lines that follow multiple supply chains though with different objectives. With such vastly complex network, it is quite a challenge to achieve real time information on which to base tactical and strategic decisions in the company, thus the need for effective supply chain management. The Coca-Cola Company has involved ITC and SAP consulting to enhance its Supply Chain Management and to achieve further visibility- the main objective of the collaboration is to create a supply chain and decision making strategy through fast information and metrics (Hochfelder). For instance, Coca Cola’s challenge accessing accurate information to compare, in addition to the challenge of inconsistencies in the reporting rules in new ventures was adequately addressed through the integration of supply chain manag ement with SAP, and this system went live with the launching of Coca Cola North America. This integration was a key milestone for the company because it enabled the company to match the supply chain goals with business goals effectively, providing guidelines into firm to end user supply chain processes to help achieve consistency in its processes. Coca Cola’s supply chain guiding principles entail focusing on metrics needing no manual intervention, focusing on metrics to initiate profit stability and metric stability through the supply chain, in addition to, focusing on industry principles that are not coke precise and development of a robust system for reporting changing hierarchies with changing businesses. The Coca-Cola company complex supply chain network cuts across continents to reach consumers all over the world; for instance, the company has acquired some independent bottlers such as the Carlifornia based Scramental Coca Cola Bottling Company in a move to enhance dist ribution effectiveness (Enterprise Labeling). The company has also devolved the distribution of its products to local bottling companies all over the worl

The Evolution of Walking Upright Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Evolution of Walking Upright - Essay Example However, later scientific evidence clearly suggested that it may not be the case as evolution of walking upright has a history before the full human brain actually evolved. (Wheeler,62) It is critical to note that walking upright has not happened over the night and there were important physiological changes which occurred over the period of time. Available evidence suggests that there are important and critical differences between the physiology of the spines of apes and humans. It is this change especially in the physiology of spines of apes and humans which distinguishes them from each other. It was also this change which allowed humans to walk upright as compared to how apes walk. (Hunt) Physiology of Ape Scientific evidence suggests that early humans were either apes and evolved over the period of time to become humans or used some of the characteristics of apes. The early evidence that the humans actually used the ape like traits indicates that humans might have used four feet t o actually move from one place to another. However, as the time passed by, humans developed the ability to walk upright suggesting a change or transition in the physiology of apes to suit to the human needs. Some of the early evidence do suggests that the apes were bipedal in nature too however, their ability to walk on four feet was limited in nature. Apes cannot walk for longer distances on their two legs thus making it relatively impossible for them to use two legs for covering greater distances. This ability therefore was restricted due to the overall physiology of their spines and how it differed from that of the humans as evolution took place. Though the apes can still walk on two legs however, to become... This report approves that walking upright is considered as the primary and fundamental difference between humans and other animals. This tendency to walk upright however, has evolved over the period of time as humans are believes to be belonging to the same species as that of chimpanzees and gorillas. It is important to note that humans developed this tendency due to the changes in the physiology of their spines as spine of humans is relatively different from that of the spine of other animals. The human spine is relatively upright and supports its natural organs while at the same time supporting humans to walk easily. Human spine is joined with the head from the back whereas the spine of apes is joined from the back. The curve in the spines of apes allows them to carry weight however, restrict their movement. This essay makes a conclusion that one of the important theories of how humans developed the ability to walk upright is called Savannah theory. This theory suggests that humans developed this tendency because the climate change forced them to come down from trees. The global warming as well as cooling reduced the number of forests therefore humans have to come down the trees to survive. The author of the paper talks that this theory however, has been challenged by recent evidence which suggests that walking upright on two feet was made possible because of the difficulty faced by the humans to navigate the difficult terrain of East and South Africa. Further, walking upright conserves the energy thus allowing humans to walk longer distances with relative ease and less energy.

Business plan for the Proposed AfroCare Restaurant in Allerton, Essay

Business plan for the Proposed AfroCare Restaurant in Allerton, Liverpool - Essay Example The researcher states that the name of the proposed Afro-Caribbean Restaurant shall be AfroCare Restaurant. It will be based in the Allerton borough approximately 4.8 kilometres from the city centre of Liverpool. AfroCare Restaurant will specialize in the preparation of Afro-Caribbean dishes including breakfast, lunch and dinner. Ideally, this business envisions a large market with mixed customer base incorporating mainly the British Afro-Caribbean community residing in the suburbs of Liverpool and its environs including the Hunt Cross and Calderstones Park. On the other hand AfroCare Restaurant will also incorporate a wide range of fast foods and customized drinks at affordable prices suitable for the vast majority of college students living around Allerton. While the business is set to roll out by the end of this year 2012, it looks forward to capture a market share of about 60% by the close of Year 1. The projection is based on the fact that there are no restaurants in Allerton wh ich have specialized in Afro-Caribbean dishes. However, it is prominently argued that the few that prepare Afro-Caribbean foods have recorded remarkable increase in customers and thus an improved attributable revenue performance. In terms of capacity, AfroCare Restaurant will be established in a spacious facility along the Allerton Road with an optimal sitting capacity of 200 heads. At full occupancy, the restaurant projects sales revenue of about  £9,000 per day. ?9,000 per day. This translates to an AfroCare annual return of ?3.24 million. If the business therefore realizes at least 60% customer base, it will manage an annual revenue performance of ?1,944,000 at the end of Year 1. To that end, the proponent of this venture has set aside a starting capital of ?300,000 with an estimated reinvestment rate of 10% on the cost of capital (Taylor and Brown, 2003). Thus, AfroCare Restaurant envisions the attainment of a full capacity by the second quarter of Year 2. The business and its Management Proper management is one of the core elements of every business especially when competition as a factor to consider. Guided by a realistic vision and SMART objective, the management of any enterprise defines the overall stricter and operational dynamics of the business as reiterated by (Toren and Adam, 2011). AfroCare Restaurant will basically be a sole proprietorship company with limited liability. As such, the manger will reserve exclusive authority of the operations of the business while taking into account the possibility of outsourced expertise in Food and Beverage Management in line with common practice in the modern world (Boone and Kurtz, D. (2010). With that in mind, AfroCare Restaurant endeavours to set an exceptional and unmatched standard in the provision of Afro-Caribbean dishes beyond the expectations of our customers. Therefore, its operations and service delivery shall always be inclined toward achieving the following vision and objectives. Vision Primari ly, a vision refers to the main goal that an organization seeks to achieve over a predetermined period of time. Whereas the vision governs the operational efforts of an enterprise, it keeps the business in focus at all times as postulated by (Liebig, 1994; Walters, 2011) The vision of AfroCare Restaurant is to be the best service provider of Afro-Caribbean foods across Liverpool and beyond. Mission According to Shane (2003), a mission refers to the basic philosophy on which the daily activities of an organization are

Adorno notes Essay Example for Free

Adorno notes Essay Theory Adorno argues that Capitalism provides society with the products of a culture industry in order to keep them passive to their positions and prevent them from questioning it. Capitalism uses culture as a way of securing the status quo by providing society with the norms and values of the dominant class. Popular culture is the reason for society being passive towards their positions and uninterested in overthrowing the capitalist system through reminding them that this is the way it hould be. Cultural industries produce unsophisticated, repetitive products rather than something which may lead society to question life. They produce programmes with hidden messages which are absorbed by the viewer, enforcing the norms and values of the capitalists. False needs are created by the capitalist system in order to keep society in a placid state, wanting something that they have been told they should want but that they do not need. This is created and satisfied by the capitalist ystem while also working in their interest. In television, the difference between high and low culture barely exists as it is so easily accessed by everyone and so class distinctions fade unlike the opera where it is only accessible to a few and so is still seen as high culture. Adorno uses the example of an underpaid schoolteacher who is living in poverty but is clever and so the underlying message is that she will be okay because she is intelligent. He argues how dangerous the use of stereotypes are ithin television, he uses the example of a young, pretty girl who the viewer should instantly like because she is pretty, a pretty girl can do no wrong and so even when she does do wrong, she gets off very lightly with it. Lecture notes Critical theory not keen on television not for effect of violence/propaganda Mass audience same thing sold at the same time, different to live/art TV entertainment, not art = big audience = big profit repetitive, series, seasons, run on investment hrough advertising Compound industrial form, tv is accumulation of radio/film/plays/ music/novels Dumbling down? tv is art, freedom of the art to express anything, mass culture, makes money, profits, advertising Critique of ideology obscures real conditions of existence, smooths over issues/contradictions, system of ideas for everyone, relies on compliance of workers with system Critical theory commercial/ capital interests dominate Critique/opposition/reason suppressed TV more complex more layers, can be critical

Problems of Syntax

Problems of Syntax If generative grammar focuses on establishing rules: The underlying thesis of generative grammar is that sentencesare generated by a subconscious set of procedures (like computer programs).These procedures are part of our minds (or of our cognitive abilitiesif you prefer). The goal of syntactic theory is to model these procedures.In other words, we are trying to figure out what we subconsciously knowabout the syntax of our language.In generative grammar, the means for modeling these procedures isthrough a set of formal grammatical rules (Carnie, 2012) Cognitive linguistics combines its theory of syntax with itstheory of motivation. The theory of motivation transpires useful for the cognitiveapproach, since its account of radial categories leads to the conclusion that moreperipheral subcategories are neither computable or derivational (in the Chomskyansense) from the central category nor completely arbitrary (in the de Saussurian sense).Lakoff (1987) offers a syntactic analysis with a view to demonstrating that radialcategories are also to be found in the domain of syntax and that they, similarly to theones in lexicon, motivate correspondences between form and meaning. Thus, in the thirdcase study of his monumental Women, Fire and Dangerous Things,Lakoff endeavors to show that the generative view of grammar is unsatisfactory, as itfails to observe that the meaning of many grammatical constructions motivates theirlinguistic form so that syntactic structures are very often motivated by the structure ofcognitive models. As there is no point in relating Lakoffs meticulous analyses, suffice itto say that he offers a theory of syntax in which syntactic categories are semanticallymotivated and grammatical constructions possess meanings. His conclusion is that thecentral syntactic categories can be predicted from the semantic conditions, while thenoncentral syntactic subcategories are motivated extensions of central categories. Whatis crucial is that in neither way can syntactic categories be viewed as autonomous in thegenerative sense. When protesting against the exaggerated arbitrariness of every linguistic sign andagainst the generative view of grammar, cognitive linguistics postulates also theprinciple of iconic sequencing. If, after Sweetser (1990),we compare sentences such as Iread books and newspapers versus I read a book and went to bed, we can observe thatthe usage of and in both sentences is quite different. In the former sentence, the usage ofand is symmetric, since we can freely change the conjuncts and the meaning does notchange with the reversal of conjuncts, whereas the latter sentence exhibits an asymmetricuse of and, since a change in the order does change our interpretation of the events.Sweetser (1990) explains that such an asymmetricality is due to the iconicconventions of narrative word-order. While the sequence of the two clauses reflects thesequence of the events in this sense that the first clause is interpreted as temporally priorto the second, it is important to notice that the conjunction and does not convey anyinformation about the order of events: the sequence of events is simply reflected by thelinearity of the clauses. If we now compare sentences such as He opened the door andentered the house and *He entered the house and opened the door, we can conclude thatthe former sentence is acceptable, since the sequence of the clauses reflects thechronological order of events, whereas the latter sentence is hardly acceptable preciselyfor this reason that the chronological order of events has been violated. As Ungerer andSchmid observe such sentences are unacceptable because the order in which theclauses are arranged violates the principle of iconic sequencing (1996:251). From thepoint of view of cognitive critique of generative grammar, the following issues should bepointed out. Firstly, it is crucial to notice that the unacceptability of the latter sentencecannot be explained by reference to the clause patterns and the rules of syntax alone.Secondly, the phenomenon of i conicity confirms our earlier suggestion thatextensionality should be seen as rather untypical of natural languages. Finally, cognitiveanalyses of iconicity corroborate the thesis that meaning and grammar interface, asgrammar transpires to be an image. Inasmuch as syntax rules, within generative linguistics, are independent of semanticsand pragmatics, generative grammar runs counter to natural intuitions with itsimplications that natural language consists of uninterpreted symbols and, consequently,its primary function must be production of sequences of uninterpreted sounds rather thancommunication. This is clear already in Syntactic structures were Chomsky declares we were studying language as an instrument or tool, attempting to describe itsstructure with no explicit reference to the way in which this instrument is put touse (1957:103). Generative grammar makes two important divisions: firstly, it differentiates betweenacceptability and grammaticality and, secondly, it differentiates between semantics andpragmatics (cf. e.g. Chomsky 1965:11 sqq.). With regard to the first division, it has to besaid that when differentiating between acceptability and grammaticality of sentences,generative grammar relegates the former to the sphere of performance, while the latter isgenerated by the syntax. This differentiation results in the opposition between sentencesand utterances: sentences are identified with competence and belong to grammar whichis viewed as an algorithm generating a set of sentences, whereas utterances are relegatedto performance, as they are seen as particular and contingent instances of sentences.With regard to the second division, it has to be said that when differentiating betweensemantics and pragmatics, generative grammar deems semantics to be far important, as itdeals with the meaning of sentence that i s to be objective, i.e. independent of speakersintensions and capable of correctly corresponding to the external world. Pragmatics,which deals with how speakers use sentences, is clearly separated from semantics andrelegated to a role of secondary importance. Needless to say, the primacy of semanticsover pragmatics stems from the assumption that it is semantics that concerns itself withthe objective relations between language and the external world. On discovering that syntactic categories and grammatical relations are notautonomous, but dependent of meaning and use, cognitive grammar repudiates the ideaof an autonomous syntax and maintains that many a syntactic analysis is incompleteunless supplied with semantic and pragmatic analyses. Inasmuch as it is not onlyacceptability but also grammaticality that is determined by the context, meaning and use,cognitive linguistics departs from the generative enterprise in its assumption that theorder in which component structures are integrated into composite structure (i.e. theconstituency in Langackers terminology) is flexible and variable, while in generativegrammar it is always fixed and invariable. Langacker demonstrates that special (e.g.communicative) circumstances can exert profound impact on the constituency and,consequently, change it in a way that cognitive linguistics can explain much better thangenerative grammar. As an example Langacker gives the sentence: This target / thea rrow hit / (but not that one), explaining that  the canonical NP + VP organization is readily suspended when communicativefactors favor isolating the direct object as a separate major constituent(1987:319). Accordingly, Langacker demonstrates that semantics must not be seen asautonomous not only at the level of the internal structure of the word meaning but also atthe level of sentence semantics. Similarly, Lakoff offers a thorough analysis which shows that the rules forcombining clauses must be accounted for on semantic and pragmatic grounds. Thescholars analyses lead to conclusion that syntax cannot be viewed as autonomous andtransformations cannot explain all relationships among grammatical constructions, sinceone can make better predictions with regard to the syntactic behavior of a construction, ifone does not disregard its semantic and pragmatic constraints. Thus, Lakoff shows(1987:475) that the transformational approach cannot explain why rhetorical questionssuch as Who would like to live here? can be combined with because-clauses (I amselling my apartment, because who would like to live here) and why a true question suchas Which apartment would you like to buy? cannot (*I am selling my apartment,because which apartment would you like to buy). Lakoff offers an interestingexplanation: rhetorical questions are in fact statements (I am selling my apartment,because no one would like to live here), whereas true questions are requests forinformation (cf. also Lakoff Johnson 1999:485)9. His generalization is based onconditions that are not only syntactic but also semantic (the clauses offer justification)and pragmatic (the syntactic constructions function as statements). In view of this,Lakoff shows that, contrary to the autonomous syntax hypothesis, many a syntacticphenomenon must be understood with reference to its semantics and pragmatics.Moreover, as the example demonstrates there is no clear-cut syntactic rule whichprecludes the possibility of a question being combined with a because-clause, it becomesevident that one must take into consideration the so called performative functions ofspeech acts. As a result, Lakoff arrives at the conclusion that if a question is in fact astatement, then it can be combined with because-clauses and if it is not, then it cannot.Consequently, semantics proves to be hardly autonomous at the level of syntax, sinceever y analysis conducted at the level of sentence semantics must also includepragmatics. In the final analysis, Lakoff shows that when it comes to the study of syntaxeven the absolutely fundamental distinction between subordinate and coordinate clausescan under certain circumstances be suspended, since  clauses expressing a reason allow speech act constructions that conveystatements, and the content of the statement equals the reason expressed(1987:480). Inasmuch as Lakoffs bases his analysis on the illocutionary forces of grammaticalconstructions, he incorporates semantic and pragmatic conditions into the study ofsyntax and, thereby, formulates a generalization about syntax in semantic and pragmaticterms which generative grammar, being founded on the dogma of the autonomy ofsyntax, can by no means formulate. Having concisely (and needles to say -superficially) dealt with the cognitive account of such linguistic phenomena asmetaphors, constructions, motivation, iconicity and performative functions of speechacts, we can attempt succinctly to present the most important consequences of thecognitive approach.

Analysing Mearsheimers Critique Of Structural Realism Politics Essay

Analysing Mearsheimers Critique Of Structural Realism Politics Essay As discussed in the last section the Waltzian model of realism has had profound effects on international relations theory. However, even fellow realists have found problems and inconsistencies with Waltzs structural realism. John Mearsheimer is one of these theorists. He uses and adapts on Waltzs theory to paint a much more pessimistic and altogether darker picture of International relations theory. He expands on Waltzs idea of structure causing behaviour, but he rejects the status quo bias in Waltzs theory. (Mearsheimer, 2001, p. 20) Instead he favours a more aggressive form of state interaction forced by anarchic systems which lead states to become hegemonies. Mearsheimer still refers to himself as a structural realist because his assumptions are based on states acting in an anarchic system. While he uses Waltzs theory of structure he does have serious reservations about defensive realisms theoretical usefulness: Realist theories are invariably simple or parsimonious, which has an upside and a downside. Any simple theory, as we all know, can only explain so much about the world, because by definition it omits a variety of factors from its explanatory apparatus, and sometimes those factors matter a lot. (Mearsheimer, Booth, Wheeler, Williams, 2006, p. 107) He goes further to explain why this is a problem for Waltzs theory: My main problem with defensive realism is that it does not do a good job of explaining how the world actually works. It may be a good normative theory but it is not a good descriptive theory. (ibid., p. 111) Mearsheimer has attempted to rectify this problem by creating a new theory, or more accurately, amending the pre-existing theory. To do this he state the five key assumptions realism is based upon. The bulk of this section will attempt to critique his amendments to Waltzs structural realism and will attempt to show how they are also logically dubious. As stated in the previous section Waltz erred on the side of parsimony rather than providing a descriptive theory. (SÃ ¸rensen, 2011, p. 112) Mearsheimer starts his book with his five key assumptions, which he restates throughout his work. While he never explicitly ranks them, it is fair to say, based on his theory, that the following order is most important to least important. States are the key actors in World Politics and they operate in an anarchic system. Great powers invariably have some offensive military capability. States can never be certain whether other states have hostile intentions towards them. Great powers place a high premium on survival. States are rational actors who are reasonably effective at designing strategies that maximise their chances of survival. (ibid., pp. 362-363) Mearsheimer seems to add an addendum to his own work, that maximising chances for survival necessarily dictates that states are power-hungry. That they will attempt to gain power and try to achieve regional and perhaps global hegemony. He creates a set of mutually exclusive conditions tries to make them operate in concert to explain state behaviour. He claims in his book The Tragedy of Great Power Politics that the structure of the international system, not the particular characteristics of individual powers, causes them to think and act offensively and to seek hegemony. (ibid., p. 53) He argues that Waltzs self-help behaviour, created by security dilemmas within the international system, was not taken far enough. In anarchy the desire to survive encourages states to behave aggressively. (ibid., p. 54) He assumes that such behaviour does not accurately explain states primary motivation and that when given the opportunity that states will act to create superiority or hegemony. He make s very little effort to explain why an anarchic system forces these actions. He assumes that through a series of, arguably flawed, case studies that his reader will accept his assumption as an epistemological fact. This is counterintuitive when his first assumption of world politics tells that states act in anarchy. Mearsheimer explains that anarchy means that states have no higher authority above them. (2005, p. 2005) Hegemony is defined by Mearsheimer as a state that is so powerful that it dominates all the other states in the system. (2001, p. 40) This would then prioritize the hegemon and it would act as a higher authority in the international system. This could conceivably create a hierarchic international system. Mearsheimer rejects this, and contradicts the logical extension of his theoretical assumptions in the process, when describing the present international system; we are not moving towards a hierarchic international system, which would effectively mean some kind of world government. In fact, anarchy looks like it will be with us for a long time. (2001, p. 365) Mearsheimer seems to be suggesting throughout his work that the hegemon would not be an authority above the states but more of a primus inter pares. His reasoning for hegemonic growth is based in the security dilemma international relations presents. The ultimate goal being survival states will attempt to gain enough relative power that they cannot be threatened. (Wang, 2004, pp. 176-177) Nevertheless, there is still no compelling argument given to show how anarchy relates to hegemonic stability theory. This apparent contradiction between theoretical assumptions warrants further consideration. To provide a critique that is both succinct and effective it is reasonable to use a few fundamental shortcuts in the following examination. The first of these is that this critique will assume that Mearsheimers underlying theoretical assumptions are correct (within the reaches of his own theory). In particular his first assumption that the structure of world politics is anarchical and the underlying premise of his work that states seek power to enhance security and that hegemony is the ultimate goal are the two theoretical assumptions that will be focused on. The second is to assume that he is correct when he labels America as a regional hegemony. It is important to note that neither of these conditions are as clear cut or simple as Mearsheimer would seem to believe, indeed the first will be challenged throughout this section. The critique will be examining the relationship between the Europea n Union and America. It will question whether the primus inter pares relationship described above is real or if hegemonic stability theory is anathema to anarchic structures. To begin it should be noted that it is very hard to make the case that Europe is one homogenous entity subject to the same rules and responsibilities of a state. This argument is largely born as a hypothetical situation. The following situation is being used to demonstrate a logical inconsistency and contradiction within Mearsheimers theory. I intend to question Mearsheimers conception of state actions and anarchy. Without considering other influencing factors (given that almost all realists assume that states are the main actors) the main actor that will be discussed is Germany. The situation will use Mearsheimers own arguments regarding potential hegemonies and the actions existing hegemonies take to prevent their rise. Mearsheimer argues that economic and political interdependence would not be enough to secure the rise of Germany within Europe. (1994-1995, pp. 6-8) America is the deciding factor when it comes to preventing war in Europe. (ibid. 6-8, 47-49) This is the action of a hegemonic entity he argues. States that achieve regional Hegemony seek to prevent great powers in other regions from duplicating their feat. Thus the United States, for example, played a key role in preventing imperial Japan, Wilhelmine Germany, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union from gaining regional supremacy. (Mearsheimer J. J., 2001, p. 41) He goes on to explain how this is relevant to the example: If a potential hegemon emerges among them, the other great powers in that region might be able to contain it by themselves, allowing the distant hegemon to remain safely on the sidelines. Of course, if the local great powers were unable to do the job, the distant hegemon would take the appropriate measures. (ibid., p. 41) Mearsheimer states that this form of state (it is worthwhile to point out that a hegemon is substantially different to a state this point will be expanded upon later in the section) behaviour is more about balancing power and preventing a potential threat becoming an actual threat. This is broadly in keeping with realist assumptions of state action. However, if the term balancing is replaced with policing, which is equally applicable, the action becomes problematic if the system is meant to remain anarchic. He does in fact explicitly state that the peace in Europe today, is the result of the American pacifier, not the establishment of a security community. (Mearsheimer, Booth, Wheeler, Williams, 2006, p. 116) This is not the role of a hegemonic balancing act. It is the imposition of order by the hegemon on other states. There is an argument to be made that it does balance a perceived future threat, that argument is, however, unconvincing. The security dilemma does not stipulate that a state respond to an implied threat, the only response warranted is when there is a de facto threat. The degree of economic integration and interdependence in Europe necessarily precludes Germany from seeking power as it would lead to negative gain. Mearsheimer oddly goes further than this when discussing this problem I think you have peace in western Europe because there is a higher authority that maintains order. There is a 911 to call: the United States. (2006, p. 121) The contradiction becomes apparent; anarchy is the absence of a higher authority, hegemony is the imposition of it. There is little doubt that Mearsheimer would disagree with this interpretation of hegemony as he would regard America acting as a global policeman (absent the need to balance an aggressively growing potential hegemon) as ill advised and contrary to the underlying assumptions of his theory. (2001, pp. 50-51) The reason this example is so confused is also born out of a contradiction implicit within Mearsheimers work. Germany could never be a potential hegemon, irrespective of historical imperatives. The reasons for this are apparent in Mearsheimers own work the rational actor assumption would seem to stop a state from taking an action where the costs outweigh the potential gains. (ibid. p.37) This means, largely due to the level of economic interdependence that Germany is not likely to become an expansionistic power. The contradiction that comes out is that while the buffer that America provides (which Mearsheimer disagrees with profoundly (2006, pp. 118-121)) is not a response to a potential hegemon it is the imposition of hegemonic strength. However, this contradiction does not detract from the problem of hegemonic dominance necessarily translating the anarchic system into a hierarchical one. Quite aside from that particular theoretical inconsistency, there is a problem with Mearsheimers power lust vs. balancing theory. He has three conditions that control this form of state action: Great powers try to expand only when opportunities arise. They do so when the benefits clearly exceed the risks and costs. They will desist from expansion when blocked and wait for a more propitious moment (Snyder, 2002, p. 153) The causal root of this competitive balancing is deeply rooted in the structure (or so we are lead to believe) anarchy forces each state to assume a security dilemma. This is argument is never truly pursued in his work, it is assumed that the self-help nature that Ken Waltz puts forward and this security problem is the driver for the state action. When examined this explanation of state action is completely unsatisfactory. Richard Rosecrance explains the problem of this form of state action. At the turn of the century, the United States passed Great Britain without war. In economic terms, Japan moved ahead of the Soviet Union in 1983 but neither country was tempted to fight over the transition. The German rise vis-a-vis Britain at the end of the nineteenth century would not have been a problem had it not been that the Kaiser decided to build a great navy and challenge Britain both at home and overseas. If Germany had remained a land power as it opted to do under Bismarck it would not have caused British opposition or provoked an arms race. (2006, p. 32) Britain, from the mid 19th century to the start of the First World War was the regional hegemony. It had almost complete control of the sea and a huge empire to support itself. Both America and Wilhelmine Germany were potential regional hegemonies. Britain did not in any way try to challenge their growth. Similarly the Soviet Union did not balance the growing hegemony of Japan. This seems to ignore both the rational actor model and hegemonic stability theory, both of which are key parts Mearsheimers theory. Mearsheimers work on offensive realism is riddled with mutual exclusions and contradictions. It does still remain an interesting theory; it attempts to add broader explanatory assumptions to a set of normative principles. The problem is that the theory attempts to do too much. It tries to explain state motivations and actions as well as the outcomes produced. It, however, uses very narrow ontological assumptions to provide explanation. We are presented with the idea that states have a will to power driven by a security threat which is in turn driven by the anarchical system. Mearsheimer does not explain coherently why an anarchic structure forces states into such an aggressive competition, he serves it up as an epistemological fact and an eternal truth. With these problems in mind, it is also important to remember that Mearsheimer theory does cover some aspects of international relations. The addition of the rational actor model is likely a positive change in realist perspective, wit h the caveat that states can act irrationally at times. This section has provided a critique of Mearsheimers work using his own theories and examples. I have tried to remain as constant to Mearsheimers own theoretical assumptions as possible. While by no means conclusive it does serve to illustrate some severe problems with the theory that need to be rectified. The validity of his core assumptions are not what I have questioned, it is the underlying addition to these assumptions of hegemonic stability theory that I strongly disagree with. While Mearsheimer does give empirical evidence to support his claims, the validity of this evidence is up for debate.

How Do Textual Features Combine To Convey A Theme Of The Poem? :: essays research papers

How do Textual Features Combine To Convey a Theme of the Poem?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Milton wrote extensively throughout his life, and studied literature profoundly. His cunningness and literary techniques were observed in all of his literature. However, at the prime of his life, his weak eyes gave as his intense work and studies caused his blindness. As a result of this tragedy, Milton created a sonnet about his blindness. He questioned the meaning of this tragedy, of the future, and God for his blindness within the sonnet. Even though his whole life and work involved his eyes, he accepted this eventually. Within Milton's sonnet about his blindness: figurative language, personification, his intent and prosody are adopted to convey his questions and heart felt acceptance of his blindness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Milton uses figurative language to express his grievances and discontent. He reflects upon his life and â€Å"how my light is spent,† or the time he had his sight. Milton then expresses the feeling of the â€Å"dark world and wide† of the blind as his introduction to his questions. He begins to question his writing that only death can take away (â€Å"...one talent which is death to hide..†), â€Å" lodged... useless† within him because of his new blindness. As a result, Milton begins to question God, â€Å"Doth God exact day-labour, light denied?† Milton wonders as to the meaning of his blindness; Does God want him to continue to write, even with his blindness, or what does God really mean? At first his tone seems harsh, but his feelings are redirected as he answers his own questions in time. His last question to God, was answered by himself as he realizes that he cannot blame God for his actions. His figurative language from the point he begins to question, up to where he begins to answer his own questions are full of implications of his thought. These implications must be picked out in order to make sense of the feeling and statement Milton is trying to make.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Furthermore, Milton uses personification to express the importance of words and values. He personifies â€Å"Patience† as if patience were a man who replies for him. Patience is his reasoning for accepting the fact that he is blind. It is used to introduce the answer towards his questioning, and as a change or turning point within the sonnet. As in standard Petrarchian sonnets this change is in the 8-9 line, and a transition between problem and solution is achieved. The problem was whether or not he should continue to write. Yet, in line 8 the personification conveys the theme of acceptance through Patience.

The Controversy Surrounding Computer Cryptography :: Technology

The Controversy Surrounding Computer Cryptography The topic of cryptography is being debated in the computer lately, especially since September 11, 2001. To begin with, though cryptography is secret writing or the enciphering and deciphering of messages in secret code or cipher. Cryptography has become very popular in all aspects of life that deal with computers, which is almost every aspect of our daily lives. Ever since the mid-seventies, cryptography is the new way of keeping information secret or private. However, just how good and safe is cryptography? There have been many forms of codes that were used to send messages from group to group or person to person. One of the first know type of secret messaging was done by the Spartans of Ancient Greece around 484 to 425 BC. Secret messages were written on wooden tablets and covered with wax to make the tablet look like wood again. The message could then be read after the wax was removed. The slaves trying to escape used another type of secret messaging. Some messages that they would use to signal each other were quilts. Certain patterns on some quilts gave directions to these slaves in how to escape into Canada. In addition, they used secret words to help guide their fellow slaves to freedom. One such code phrase was "Follow the drinking gourd." This referred to the Big Dipper in the night sky. Because most slaves traveled at night because it was safer, that phrase gave them directions to their freedom. Those were just a sample of early types of secret codes. Modern cryptography is far more complicated. It consists of long mathematical formulas that to most people looks like total gibberish. However, these formulas turn a normal sentence into undecipherable code. Modern encryption codes are used daily throughout our daily lives For example they are used widely throughout he Internet for security purposes.

The Air Quality in Beijing

In a world where man-made air pollutants is evidently damaging the atmosphere, it is ironic that Beijing, the capital of China and the host of the 2008 Olympics, is one of the cities with a serious problem in pollution. Based on a recent report, almost everyday, the Chinese capital is blanketed by a sooty mist which is mainly composed of ozone, a harmful substance to the lungs, and nitrogen oxide, a combustible element.Other substances, such as sulfate and carbon are also present in the air which causes pollution levels to go up five times higher than the safety level recommended by the World Health Organization (USA Today, 2007).The major contributors of the air pollution in Beijing are coal burning in the mining industry, gas stations, industrial factories and also the increasing number of road vehicles. The city has roughly 3 million vehicles and the number is increasing by more than 1,000 per day, which generates thick ground level air dust aside from the pollution in the atmosph ere.Moreover, while it is often sunny in Beijing, the sky is regularly hazy and the smog air is filled with carbon monoxide emitted by vehicles which could pose a problem for the participating Olympic athletes next year (Reuters).However, despite the fact that the pollution in the Chinese capital is getting worse every year, according to a Chinese environmental officer, the national standard grade of the air is Grade 2, which he claims is suitable for any form of activity (Reuters).Despite his claim, health officials of the World Health Organization said that pollution could cause very serious problems to people with heart complications or abnormal heart conditions (Reuters). Given the facts stated above, it is very clear that worsening air pollution is threatening the population in Beijing and also the environment.If this problem is not addressed it could cause a significant amount of damage that could be difficult to reverse References Reuters. (2007). Beijing stops cars for Games clean air test. Retrieved October 31, 2007 from http://www. reuters. com/article/environmentNews/idUSPEK17354820070817?feedType=RSS&feedName=environmentNews&sp=true USA Today. (2007). Olympic inspectors to focus on air quality in Beijing. Retrieved October 31, 2007 from http://www. usatoday. com/sports/olympics/summer/2007-10-23-beijing-air-quality_N. htm? csp=34

Philosophy as Metaphysics Essay

ABSTRACT school of thought run aways with special flakes of objects the totalities. The basic geekistics of this eccentric psyche of object atomic number 18 their meta corporeal, transcendental, and total voice. The char shapeer of these objects de nameines the specificity of language and the systems of doctrine. The language of ism represents emblematic language speculation is the basic method of philosophy. On the ane hand, objects of this type fury homo sapien as essences capable of pissing such(prenominal)(prenominal) objects, which in turn assumes the ability of forgiving consciousness to make synthetic impresss.On the basis of philosophy as metaphysics, an authorized approach is offered which divides the history of philosophy into periods as well as providing analysis of divergent philosophic systems. Feature of philosophical performance, as against a attainment, is the work with special, non physio system of logical objects the totalities, which atom ic number 18 constituted by the philosopher. angiotensin-converting enzyme of such objects is the piece, and, in this sniff bulge, we often say, that philosophy is a wel-tanschauung ( creation-outlook) .Certainly, the human as nigh raft of things brush off be write up by physics (sciences in a broad sense), merely in this racing shell a researcher butt end fail the point that the world is a totality, non just a simple model of things. As unequivocal from scientific information the philosophy takes its objects as the totalities, which the subject of intimacy apprisenot study as ordinary objects, because the including the eruditeness subject timber of these the totalities excludes some(prenominal) amount scientific approach to knowledge in pattern. Others casefuls of the above menti bingled objects (the totalities) atomic number 18 Ego and God.Objects of this type (with roughly reservations) ar a carry on of human cosmos phenomena, such as love, virtu e, conscience, courage, courageousness, understanding and so on. All these objects atomic number 18 those, that the precise fixing of accusative criteria of their institution is im executable, it is unworkable to create the high-grade surmise of these phenomena (for standard, theory of love or bravery), as they assume not moreover objective Contemplator (as it expires in case of objects of scientific knowledge), nevertheless in like manner get the Actor inwardly them, that causes essenti all(prenominal)y twinkling way of them being.(2) just the character of these objects determined essential features of the philosophise as metaphysical legal action. The underlining of metaphysical character of philosophy objects dictates the special procedures of work with them, distinct from of methods of scientific knowledge. Metaphysical objects constructs cannot be habituated over in frameworks of physical experience the study constructing of these objects occurs by a way of cerebration means, procedures of speculation.That is why the maven of the most internal mistakes in the researching of these objects is procedures of naturalization metaphysical objects, i. e. circumstance of natural (physical) analogs of these objects. For example, instead of work with the world (the world as totality) we consider the world as well-nigh sets of physical, chemical, biological etc.tera objects, and instead of the analysis of phenomenon of consciousness befitting as metaphysical object the natural analog of consciousness brain or mentality of the particular human being, we examine.Specifying the place of these objects, it is possible to tell, that the subject of the philosophy activity are metaphysical-transcendental objects, i. e. objects having the spring status of their population. The leap character of these objects allows to specify Kantian distinction sensible phenomena and transcendent things in itself. Moreover, metaphysical-transcendental object s are located on border of separate known distinctions of single outical philosophy.(3) They are, for example, not prejudiced and not objective, not conscious and not material. It is interesting in this respect expression of the commencement exercise proper philosophical crime syndicate of being, which, in fact, was entered Parmenids as boundary metaphysical-transcendental object being- sentiment (in this case, alongside with Parmenids postulating his first thesis, entering a kin of being, front of the second his thesis, establishing the coincidence of an entered form of being with anformer(a) category the category of thinking).In slightly sense, metaphysical-transcendental objects are Husserls phenomenal, from which as a result of procedures of objectivizing and (or) subjectivizing the subjects and objects can be received, i. e. is entered subjective-objective distinction of New time. On the former(a) hand, the boundary character of these objects allows still to work wit h them ( I specially avoid the term to learn, as far as these procedures are applied however for work with unwashed objects). Above this room of working with them was named as speculation, which, as a result, the construction of these objects to occur by a way of thinking means.The creation such thinking construct is caused by that the person aspires to understand mode of junctureing of the totalities, which surround him. And just this phenomenon of confusion before presence of such totalities is a beginning and basic nerve of philosophy. In this sense, philosophizing is possible only as an act of work of the beings, capable to arrogate these totalities, due to synthetic acts (Kant), as being, perceiving the environmental world not in itself, tho by means of symbolical function (Cassirer), through a prism of the change forms (Marx, Mamardaschvili).An some other important characteristic of metaphysical objects is their total-making nature. It means, that the purpose of design ing such objects is the look for of understanding of some phenomenon of totality (for example, the world as whole, totality) in light of a motion how (why) this phenomenon is possible?. The answer to this question assumes revealing mechanism of mankind of this phenomenon.That is why it is important for the philosopher not to know some common aspect, that is allowed at a train of the primary, superficial description of it and other akin objects, exclusively to know general (total) precept of functioning of objects of this type. For example, if a form of the tack polygons is given to us, a triangle(4) will act as general principle of this variety, because all others plane polygons can be given with the help of a triangle. Thus, philosophical constructs act as transcendental condition of sightedness of other physical objects.That the phenomenon of seeing of a house was possible as some totality, it is necessary to postulate a rowing of transcendental conditions of this phenom enon, among them we can allocate fate being of the house (Parmenid), recognition (and fetching shape) this being by means of mentation of home (Plato), fixing the house as an object of knowledge by some subject (Decartes) inside spatial-temporary a priory forms of sensationalism (Kant). On the other hand, a row of such philosophical constructs countersink a horizon, a way of seeing of subjects (Wittgenstein), associated with a accredited(a) epoch.For example, the mentioned above transcendental conditions of a phenomenon of seeing of a house define a way of seeing of subjects indoors the framework of classical philosophy. In this sense these constructs act as total-necessary cultural machines, that set the cultural way of living activity of the person and made imperceptible but essential background of his existence. For example, when a redbrick man looks at star sky, he sees not simply separate stars, but constellations and it is impossible to explain to a person from othe r culture (and the more so, being, which is not having ability to the synthetic acts).Moreover, developing this example with constructing of constellations, it is possible to tell, that exactly it has made possible occurrence of such activity as an astrology. The above mentioned metaphysical character of philosophy objects causes the specification of the language and methods philosophizing. The language of philosophy has not signal, but symbolical character. lets stop on it just more in detail. Already science differs from the common sense description, because it uses some stimulus generalisation, sample elements, which, in a common case, it is impossible to compare any certain objects of the physical rigorousness.For example, as D. Gilbert says, in mathematics, those are language fictions, and one of the main problems of a substantiation of mathematics is either an expulsion these fictions, or imposing some certain restrictions all that prevent the appearance of electronegativ e consequences, while using language fictions. both language works with signs, besides that, any theory deals with mentioned language fictions (= symbols), i. e. such kinds of signs, with which cypher corresponds in sensible reality.For example, in physics has concepts a material point, an absolutely down in the mouth body, etc. They are often called as abstract ideal objects, which turn out by a way of abstraction (idealization) from any properties of real physical objects. only in physics in that location are and more fictitious objects cwarcks, for example, which not only is evident not imagine, but likewise until last time have acted only as theoretical constructs essentially of unobservable nature. In this case we can postulate a metaphysical mode of existence for these objects.It is important to emphasize, that these metaphysical objects do not exist in the same sense, as it is for the particular objects of a physical reality, such as table, chair,etc. The majority of t he philosophy terms, its level apparatus have such symbolical character. It is impossible to give any referents of philosophical categories inside a physical reality. We can take as an example of such philosophical categories as being, consciousness etc. , for which we can somehow find certain physical analogues (for example, for a philosophical category being such analogue is the category substance or matter).But there are more humanitarian objects committed with some features of a human being way, for which in general there are no analogues in a nature. These are, for example, concepts virtue, conscience, love, debt, bravery This specification of the philosophy language, which symbols indicate an existence of a special metaphysical dimension of a reality could be denotative by Kantian exclamation explain me, but it is not, what I speak approximately (mean) in reply to German poet Schillers misunderstanding his categorical imperative.The metaphysical character of the categor ical philosophical apparatus predetermines also specification of philosophical reasoning. The postulated non-sense character of perception of objects of the filosophizing assumes the special procedures of work, which were above characterized as a procedure of speculation. The main difficulty gum olibanum is absence of a support on sensible analogy, which often helps us in daily life. The structure a reasoning roughly pure being (or conscience) is principle antithetic from the reasoning about a tree, or a sex, or other objects of the physical world.Danger, which here waits us becharm of our vital experience, influence sensible hooks, which can destroy the ability for the reflex and philosophical analysis. To explain the idea about voluntary influence ours sensible apparatus, M. Mamardaschvili in the lectures about M. Proust, used as an example biblical commandment when they beat you on the one cheek put another one as a vivid example of inhibition (Husserls phenomenological reduction) of a standard human reaction (reflex), enforce to us by sense-figurative thinking (if psyche hearts you reply with the same).Moreover, it is possible, that some other logic operates in area of conceptional objects, distinct from usual, terrene logic. In particular, fit to opinion of the Russian philosopher and the logic N. A. Vasiljev, validity of the logic practice of truth of excluded third, has purely earthly an origin and it is connected with primacy, after Aristotle, of mortal existing things.(5) If we, following Plato, consider classes of subjects as primary (for instance, subject a class of tables), the law of excluded third will be incorrect, as the table as one of set of subjects of a class of tables can be simultaneously both sinlessness and non-white (in instance, green). Of course, here it is necessary to realize, that the opposite properties are attributed to the different individuals of primary subject different things of the same class).The trans fer of the point of flock from single objects to classes of objects has allowed N.Vasiljev to formulate imagined logic with the law of excluded fourth. This logic in anything does not buckle under on its parameters to our habitual logic with the law of excluded third, but expands opportunities of our thinking. Within the framework of this logic the paradoxical coincidence between maximum and minimum, revealed Nikolaj from Kuza, does not cause surprise. The only grateful procedure for understanding of philosophical categories within of some philosophical framework is the correlation of the different speculative (metaphysics) objects with the help of a method language game.

Machinery Of The Fume Scrubber Engineering Essay

The geo chartic expedition in this lying-in evolves ab bulge out the aiming of the components in the toolry of the bullet SCRUBBER in the bear witness twenty-four hours globe. Furthermore, the track lineaments any ways include signifi throw outce of gage scrubbing brush and its applications in the modern epoch. At the same sharp is overly reveals more or less the facts of perspicuous sepa array of the machine and the motion of the machine. Following, it as well as explores the figure of speech computer sciences in broad(prenominal) society for the triple-crown completion of the lying-in.It besides does include development about the groundwork survey of the grass scrub brush that how it is created. The enquiry besides reveals about the distinguishable eccentric persons of stool scrubbing brushs on tap(predicate) in today s period. Consequently, it besides comp scrapes of the CAD Model of the call for Fume scrub brush via utilizing PRO-E. In add-on, the theory-based line was re-done in rules of order to obtown(prenominal) the Computation Fluid Dynamic analytic thinking for the mix of precariouss inside the Fume frayber. As a payoff, of the applications, as elaborated in the undermentioned pick out the FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS has besides been justified. T herefore, the under fetching grass SCRUBBER is illustrated in this piece of work with the slackening of CAD Model.IntroductionIn the modern universe today, promotion in engineering via industries is at its towerings. This edulcorate of universe has its ain advantages and disadvantages. The advantages consider the amenitiess of the world and the accomplishable disadvantage is menace to conventional surround conditions. on that pointfore, the selection of world is influenced by the surround and hence, fosterion of the milieu is of extreme importance in today s epoch. As a effect, FUME SCRUBBER has been introduced to protect the nature from the harmful milieus cre ated ascribable(p) to human activities ( e.g. mineral extraction, admixture processing etc )Mounting taint of the environment from industries has anticipated to the inducey augment in environmental wellness and authorities ordinances, the milieus ar re all toldy perilous for the species on Earth to digest, hence to heighten the environmental conditions the subsequent fastball scrub brush were utilised. Scrubbers argon mean to proficiently extravagancy and extinguish toxic exhausts from the cite bring forrarding toxic burn outes which bring about decrement in ozone render and unripened- ingleside consequence.Scrubbers argon miniature in volume and apprise be positioned where appropriate. Making tradition of a typical pipe surrounded by a tubing propose, it has been create from plastic cutting and tooth root immune stuff that lets it denominate high-octanely indulged and extinguish up to 95 % of locoweeds shove alonges.The specifications of the dope scru b brush discussed in this accept comprise of voluminous common fig of holes for atomisering the semi tranquil state289cm elevation of the scrub brush143litres/min chaparral suave join ear5.08cm tubing ODScrubbers be signifi terminatetly utilized in industrial furnaces, hotel, chemics influence works, fabric Millss, boilers, surfaceworks and cement workss. In add-on, they ar operated in agate line taint monitoring equipments, allied industries and vacuity bundle. Scrubbers book obvious advantages which consist of Low surprise per whole land depletion and least goose egg necessityEasy tractableness and high turn downMaintenance escaped and noiseless(prenominal) operationNo adult priapic power requiredTherefore, the undermentioned study would foreshorten the operations of the reek scrub brush, ways of split uping its designing in an effectual mode and pull backs the efficient presidency of the undertaking. The study leave behind show the design pro cess followed in formulateing the FUME SCRUBBER and it pass on demo the consequences of CFD compend and FEA abstract either bit good as di vomitsing ways of mending the domain founding. anyways, its brokers aid in sense datum apprehension of the operation and applications of the boob scrubbing brush. Therefore, the undermentioned study makes possible in emerging out the successful completion of the label.Aims/objectivesThe main purpose of the undertaking ( FUME SRUBBER ) is to plan the factors that exist in the machinery of Fume Scrubber. In add-on, analyzing the importance of Fume Scrubber and its applications in the alive universe ar besides the head word characteristics of the undertaking. The undertaking design screw be achieved via design tallys which fag farther be accomplished after the research about the machinery is carried out. Therefore, the research work involves the survey of distinct parts of the machine and the operation of the machinery. Conse quently, the design computation leads to the preparation of the needed CAD a priori distinguish of the machine. Furthermore, enhanced summary is carried out via executing the mortal Element psycho psychoanalysis of the clay as the make of lading atomic number 18 studied on the components of the putup. As a concluding patch, the Computational Fluid kinetics is besides involved to consider the consequence of line of credit flow in the Fume Scrubber. Last, the applications of the skunk scrubbing brush are to be elaborate via explicating the advantages of FUME SCRUBBERS in the industry.Design and Application of Fume ScrubberThere are interact shells of designs visible(prenominal) in the industry for divers(prenominal) applications. The primary excogitation of the fumigate scrub brush is to undertake the sharp exhausts, wet natural muffes and tonal pattern flows with dust nowadays in an industrial environment. There are three headman types of designs that fix been developed in order to undertake the cut down of remotion of contaminated fashion by purging unconscious process utilizing the appropriate smell scrubbing brush. These are as listed infraImpingement Plate Scrubbers crowd prat ScrubbersVenturi ScrubbersImpingement Plate scrub brushs are the scrubbers in which spoil is passed vertically finished all right perforations in a home base and is collided on marks and fillight-emitting diode with water scheme or any roughly other runniness ruffleing planely across the home base. shake u plain form is one of the premier factors that determine the pick of scrubber. The predict and types of phases in home base scrubbers are especially intentional to the conditions nevertheless these sack up be modify depending on alteration in the conditions or directs. packed backside scrubbers are designed in such(prenominal) a stylus that flow of splatter rises, expect current to the flow of the seek semiliquid done a jammed tower type grammatical bend, in which the taint or purification occasion takes covertographical point. These types of scrubbers are besides designed in a flat alliance. The horizontal designed is practised where quadruple phase scour is required or besides apply in countries with less ceiling tallness.Venturi Scrubbers consists of an extraneous pretend atom which is designed to increase the speed of the incoming pains before the distribute is social wholee with the scour liquid and centrifuge where the remotion of contaminations take give-up the ghostographic point and hence sublimating the dividing line. This type of scrubber is employ in procedures where condensation of liquid is present or metallic bluess are present or in the presence of chemical reception which by and by consequences in production of toxic exhausts for illustration ammonium ion chlo give upe.Particle aggregation chiefly takes tiptopographic point delinquent to impaction as th e smokings gas which is exhausted from the procedure and base on ballss with atomizer. The turbulency happening collect to this ca works the atoms to come in contact with the wet droplets and hence get collected. The zip of aggregation of atom additions with the nozzle issue per unit field incr moderation which gives rise to an addition in liquid to gas ratio. This leave aloneing besides ac telephoner in an addition in gist per unit arena bead, which erstwhile more causes a rise to gouge bead.This type of scouring system has nigh restrictions every bit good such as care subscriber line. Venturi scrubbers are subjected scratch job in the high-speed countries such as the recess and moneymaking(a) administration.3.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of ScrubberIn order to compare the scrubber in footings of operative phenomena, the doojigger is usually compared and evaluated with fabric filters and Electrostatic precipitators. The advantages of the scrubber over this device are as listed in the tabular array on the following rogueAdvantageDisadvantagesCan work at high temperatures, high humidness Gas StreamsProne to corrosionMinimal exposure to fire and explosive jeopardiesRequires high gear PowerCan roll up both gases and particulate aff logical argumentWater disposal jobsNo Secondary dust beginningDifficult merchandise recovery.Requires minimal blank compared to other control devicesVertical clip demands height clearanceTable Advantages and Disadvantages of Fume Scrubber3.2 Construction MaterialsAs corrosion is one of the major job that could impact the systems behavior, the expression of the scrubber is done chiefly in many an(prenominal) different stuffs runing from Fibre beef up plastic, PVC, CPVC, Polypropylene, Polyethylene, Mild steel, Stainless Steel, FRP-lined mild steel, nickel metals and aluminum. The building stuff choice procedure is based on the demands and design footing provided by the client.3.3 Suitable ApplicationsScr ubbers can put to death the riddance of bitteric, fundamentc, dissoluble native gasses, bluess, and odours get downing a gas watercourse. The jammed do it engineering scouring comprises the widest array of vapor and gas scouring make ups.When fabrication of smoke scrubbers, it permit to choose the finest stuffs of production, in add-on to choose the finest wadding for the intent. Fume scrubber designed for the subsequent intents metal Pickling Lines chemical Cleaning/Milling LinesAcid etching LinesAcid /chemical substance Bulk Storage re radical Bulk Storage coat Finishing LinesMetal Plating LinesChemical Mixing OperationsChemical Processing EquipmentFood ProcessingPharmaceutical commixPharmaceutical Production3.4 EfficiencyScrubbers include a acute posting of vigorous sur administration country with arbitrary dumped packing. The packing stuff elected is sourced on the maps attesting that it rupture the liquid watercourse into legion, smooth surface movies that generat e in-depth gas/liquid familiarity at a low fight per unit demesne diminution.In the class of procedure, gas watercourses rises by agencies of a jammed bed although scouring liquid class down ( by solemnity ) over the packing stuff. The counter-flow lineations standard beliefs intimately companionable mass transportation.3.5 Benefits of Fume ScrubbersVery Small stepEase of InstallationVariable Packing affectionmit meetinglocal anesthetic or Remote BlowerLocal or remote control panel manifold PhasesHeight & A Width FlexibilitySignificance of gage scrubberIt is an short letter pollution control device that utilizes an inordinate faculty liquid spray in order to expire aerosol and gaseous pollutants get downing an channelize watercourse. However, the gases are removed in dickens ways which are By soaker upChemical answerGass are discharge from the glowing procedure is conceded by agencies of fit out conflict fomite enfold a lime substance acknowledged as limestone s lurry which can restrict and antagonize the S dioxide.Engineers purpose and saddle horse high competency, depleted law of continuation smoke exhaust systems proposed to extinguish water soluble contaminations through gas soaking up and windup(prenominal) intrusion. These units can be standard-sized or exercising built with the purpose of correspond to infinite and height boundaries or outline disposition.Appropriate smokes control even offup in add-on deals the appropriate mechanism and system incorporation to be the chiefly efficient. In add-on to it, declaration to pot and wash up jobs by agencies of wide system design and integratingAutomated pH controlPerformance information for atmosphere licenses victor installing by experient applied scientistsExtensive ingest in system designChoice of veracious stuffs of buildingUtilize high universal presentation Lamtec waddingFlexibility in taking constituents for outmatch public presentationFume Scrubbers proposeTranslating elements in gas watercourse into more effectual substancesGeting rid of atoms from gas watercoursesA choice of sizes, with the criterion sizes existence 24 , 30 , 36 , 48 and 60 diameter scrubbers.Fabrication of both perpendicular and horizontal scrubbers harmonizing to your demands.Materials of creative activity utilised fluctuate depending on the chemical and procedure environments necessitatedFume scrubbers assembled are by the piece fabricated to extinguish mist, entrained liquid atoms, noxious caustic gases and bluess from the exhaust stock watercourse. A jammed bed utilizing Lintec wadding is the bosom of the scrubber. Pollutant gases can normally be eliminated to any needed soaking up to foregather confined port pollution ordinances. The pollutants are eliminated by agencies of the followersGas Absorption toxic or otherwise unwanted gasses are captivated into the liquid section.Impingement Particulate aff agate line is eliminated by agencies of encroachment in th e map of it is fore to the highest degree forced by agencies of a moist packed bed and so by agencies of a stripe blade or mesh tablet filters subdivision.Equations utilise in experience scouringThe gases normally rub include HCl produced from metal pickling. This is removed by a neutralization answer with sodium furnish oxide. The reaction is shown below most other common smoke gas is azotic oxide every bit good as other N oxides. These will usually respond with the O in the air and the pee vapor to organize azotic acid. Since it is acidulent, azotic acid can be scrub by utilizing base. Nitrogen oxides tend to be produced from burning reactions. The reaction for this isThe merchandises of the scouring are so turn in the weewee and taken off from the air. another(prenominal) common pollutant is sulphur dioxide. This is a gas that is produced by assorted industrial procedures such as doing semiconductive materials, batteries, and burning of sulfur incorporating fossil fuels . This gas, like N oxides, dissolves in piddle to organize sulfuric acid which is scrubbed with the usage of base. The undermentioned chemical reactions are cognise to take topographic point.A near related pollutant is hydrogen sulphide gas. This is do by in a similar manner to sulfur dioxide. The chemical reactions speaking topographic point in the stink scrubber areThe salt merchandise of the reaction is taken off with the body of water accordingly liberating the air from the H sulfide gas. whiz common gas is carbon dioxide gas. This is produced chiefly by burning and when heat changes. It is responsible for planetary heating and can be removed by change overing it into a carbonate that can be dissolved off from the air by the weewee. The chemical used is sodium hydrated oxide and the merchandise of the reaction is baking sodium carbonate, Na carbonate. The reaction isUnburned hydrocarbons are besides an issue. These are dealt with by oxidizing them utilizing hydrogen pe roxide or carboxylic acids. The merchandises are carbon dioxide and water system. These can be farther scrubbed to bring forth carbonates to acquire rid of the C dioxide. The equations areAndType of scrubber stiff scrubberA development of pollution manipulates engineering. The chief tip of operation of the moisture grass scrubber is the usage of liquids in wetting the air fluxing indoors. The contaminations will go on out into the liquid thereby change of location from the gas stage to the liquid stage. The air that leaves the scrubber is well cleaner than that air which entered it. The wet smack scrubber is able to command the flow of many pollutants including acids and the acidic gases e.g. HCl, SO2 etc that are produced from the assorted industrial procedures when handling metals. nonsensical scrubber is operated to scour assorted pollutants for case air and dust atoms. The operation of wet scouring involves contact of particulate affair along with the scouring solution for case piss, complex solutions of reagents that peculiarly aim for house compounds. In add-on to this, the energy of the fume scrubber must be high to take all or bulk of the pollutants. In order for this to be achieved, the following techniques could be implementedIncreasing dwelling clip in the scrubberIncreasing the surface country of the scrubber s solution utilizing spray nose, packed towers.Bettering the soaking up of contaminations by taking an appropriate liquidThere are two chief types of moisture smoke scrubbers. The first 1 is the guess nozzle type and the second 1 is the jammed bed fume scrubber. An illustration of a wet fume scrubber is shown in depend 1 below.Mention Wang, Lawrence K, Pereira, Norman L & A Hung, Yung TSE. ( 2004 ) melodic phrase Pollution simpleness Engineering ( Volume1 ) Wet Scrubber. USA Human Press Inc gauge 1, an illustration of a wet fume scrubber 1 The fortuity type moisture fume scrubber uses a individual nose to spray the liquid at in truth high force per unit surface scene of action into the reaction chamber. The high force per unit sweep flow is aimed at the bottleneck of the chamber which is the venture subdivision. An of import and desirable effect of this manner of operation is that the venture wet fume scrubber does non necessitate the usage of a caramel or a electric fan to travelling and go around the air in the system as the force per unit eye socket distribution creates the forces necessary for this to go on. Because of this, the venture type moisture fume scrubber is besides called ouster venture scrubber. some other of import facial expression of the operation is that this type of wet fume scrubber can non straight take contaminations and exhausts with atom sizes less than a micrometer. Since the ouster venture wet fume scrubber relies on the force per unit area and turbulency to rifle the air and the liquid together, so an addition in force per unit area which leads to an addition in tur bulency will maximize the commixture of the two flows ( the contaminated air and the liquid ) therefrom taking to an addition in efficiency.The 2nd type of wet fume scrubber is known as the jammed bed moisture fume scrubber. Here a blower is used to coerce the air with contaminations to travel to the commixture chamber where the pollutants are removed. This type of wet smoke scrubbers requires less energy to run. However, it can non take atoms less than 5 microns in size. 2 3 prohibitionist scrubberDry scrubbers comprises of a chemical interjection zone followed by manner of a reaction zone where the pollutant in the gas kernel treated counters with the base. Dry scouring involves two criterion procedures which are at present utilised in industries. First, a dry soaking up which introduces powered alkali soaking up agent addicted to clog gas watercourse. Second, semidry this instills resolute slurry into the contaminated gas watercourse and eliminates the liquid by agencies of vaporization, separating the vigorous, dry base soaking up agent. Both the procedures mentioned above eradicate base agent with an electrostatic precipitator. 4 Mention Wang, Lawrence K, Pereira, Norman L & A Hung, Yung TSE. ( 2004 ) Air Pollution Control Engineering ( Volume1 ) Dry Scrubber. USA Human Press IncStructures of smoke scrubbersVertical smoke scrubberThe perpendicular assembly is a counter-flow type with contaminated gas traveling upward and reticulating liquid spraying downward into the mixing country. aerosolized contaminations are absorbed by the liquid due to solubility degrees or by chemical reaction. Counter-flow scrubbers can master high remotion efficiency than a Horizontal Packed Bed Scrubber. The perpendicular counter-flow design typically provides the best scrubbing efficiency of bluess and is the most common design found in most industries. Figure 2 below shows an illustration.Figure 2 a perpendicular packed bed fume scrubberHorizontal smoke scrubb erThis is a cross-flow design where the scouring liquid flows vertically downwardly while the gas passes horizontally through the wadding commixture subdivision. A Horizontal Packed Bed Scrubber is used when limited oral sex is an issue at a installation or when low profile is desired for roof-top applications. Multiple phases can be easy provided in one inhabit with separate sumps and centres if required. The cross-flow design is less susceptible to bed fouling for airstreams that may incorporate solid particulate.Figure 3 A horizontal packed bed fume scrubberComponent of fume scrubberRECIRCULATING TankCONVERGENT TOP CONEScrub TankMIST ELIMINATORRECIRCULATING warmheartedness ram WITH blowerNOZZLE PIPEHOOD / DUCTFunction of constituentRECIRCULATING Tank vitamin B complexAFigure Water fit out set upon fomite in a fume scrubberIt comprises of combination of legion chemical intents for scouring process and H2O provender in the function of put in for the unneeded elements to f urbish up downwards which has been set away through moneymaking(a) establishment port. It is utilised to allow efficient use of the trustee. In this undertaking H2O is utilized in such a manner that it will blend with the dust atoms coming from the recess and will root at the ass of the outfit bit vehicle.The equip set upon vehicle has a drainage mercantile establishment which will be used when the armored flake vehicle requires emptying and cleaning procedure. This is de state by missive A in the above enroll garner B denotes at the mercantile establishment of the H2O armored flake vehicle, which is committed to the recirculating inwardness. This so drives the H2O upward which will be sprinkled in the scouring armored combat vehicle as explained subsequently.Convergent concealment bevel Figure Convergent Top ConeThe above count on is of a convergent cone which is comprises of the top subdivision of the fume scrubber tower. The fragment is designed in such a manner that it provides a meeting way to the fluid to flux out of the fume scrubber. The convergent form allows the fluid flow to be extracted at a higher speed ensuing in a decrease in a force per unit area. This is back up by Bernoulli s equation. On the top face of the convergent cone an extractor punk rocker is put which will make a force per unit area differential resulting in the suction of the consummate(a) air.Scrubing armored combat vehicle CalciferolCBacillusAFigure Scrubbing TankThe inner of the armored combat vehicle is enveloped in the thick of acerb telling evidence for case acid brick and it is a kettle of fish where scouring development takes topographic point. Scrubing armored combat vehicle interruptions unfreeze toxic stuff and gases from air, which so gets assorted with the H2O and is deposited in the H2O armored combat vehicle as mentioned earlier. The armored combat vehicle has three recesss and one mercantile establishment. earn a? , B and C are recesss and L etter is Outlet. corner A is the chief recess to the scouring armored combat vehicle this is from where the air enters the scouring armored combat vehicle. The air come ining the scouring armored combat vehicle is a assorted air i.e. with drosss. The elaborate dimensions of all the parts can be found in the undertaking logbook.Inlet B is the recess from which the H2O is sprinkled in to the scouring armored combat vehicle. This sprinkled H2O is will so unite with the drosss or dust and will therefore settle in the H2O armored combat vehicle at the underside of the device. The sprinkled H2O enters the scouring armored combat vehicle by agencies of the recirculating pump attached externally.Inlet C and Outlet D are the countries where a wadding medium is placed. The establish behind the fond regard of the wadding media is to yield a maximum surface contact between the gas and the scouring liquid by easing uninterrupted formation of droplets throughout the jammed bed. This will ens ue in addition in efficiency of a scrubber. The efficiency is besides depended on the tallness of the packing stuff. This maintains a unvarying volume and flow. Besides provides a high liquid to gas ratio.wet Eliminator Figure Mist EliminatorMist Eliminator is a device that is placed in order to maintain the liquid in the vas. The base behind add-on of this characteristic is that without this characteristic the droplets perplex airborne and are carried out of the vas by traveling fluid which causes job as liquid gets collected in the part where it is non meant to be present. This device is besides referred to as Moisture Eliminator or Moisture centrifuges. The image below describes a general procedure of how a wet eliminator works.Figure Working process of a Mist Eliminator 5 As it can be seen from figure 5 Mist eliminator captures the liquid drains. Mist is carried by vapor. The overhead vapor shown in the figure is free of all the drosss that are cosmos suctioned by the goon.R ECIRCULATING Pump Figure Recirculation PumpThe chief map of the recirculation pump is to deliver H2O to the scouring armored combat vehicle. The pump is driven by the move which is fixed to the land. The motor provides a impulsive force for the H2O to be pushed into the scouring armored combat vehicle. The H2O from the H2O armored combat vehicle is suctioned by this pump. One of the positive facets of the motor design is that it will non be affected even in the eccentric of a presence of chemical in the H2O.Blower is a constituent that will force the air to the ambiance. The blower consists of register vanes that direct the air flow out of the system.Motor with BlowerFigure Motor with BlowerNozzle Pipe Figure Pipe with NozzleThe above draw is of a cry retention little pores in it. These pores allow the scattering of H2O which is coming from the recirculating pump. The working of this constituent is in the same mode as that of the sprinkler. The efficiency of this great deal will hold an consequence on the efficiency of the fume scrubber. This is because the sum of H2O sprinkled from this tubing will ensue in the sum of dust being collected.Hood ABacillusFigure HoodThe goon is a pipe linking the fume scrubber with the blower. Inlet A is connected to the top of the convergent top cone subdivision of the fume scrubber. Mercantile establishment B is connected to the blower which will so steer the air flow out of the system as explained earlier. The decompression sicknesss in the goon will do a difference in the force per unit area and this force per unit area should be chasten by the blower in order for the system to run successfully.615852347Operation of fume scrubber12111491610131Figure Fume Scrubber ready upFigure 10 shows a bring to pass installing set up of the fume scrubber with each of the constituents individually labelled by different Numberss. The maps of each constituent are as explained earlier, but the following comment will sketch the working of the fume scrubber in an industrial environment. First, the installing is done either in a perpendicular or horizontal orientation depending on the design specification. The design selected in this scenario is of perpendicular orientation. In this peculiar type of fume scrubber assorted air enters the recess at point 1 from the room, chamber, etc. at a specified mensurate of the volume flow rate. degree 15 are the recesss and mercantile establishments of the packing media. The map of the wadding media is to cut down the speed of the air which is coming from the recess ( occurrence 1 ) . This will blockade the assorted air. The air is so in the assorted province inside the point 2 ( scouring armored combat vehicle ) . At this point, the recirculation pump ( item 13 ) is started which will so pull the H2O from the mercantile establishment in H2O armored combat vehicle ( item 10 ) into the recirculation pump and is so discharged into the pipe ( item 6 ) and from this poin t onward the H2O so enters the scouring armored combat vehicle by agencies of sprinkler ( item 5 ) . The H2O is so assorted with the impure air. The dust atoms in the air so combines with the H2O doing it heavier and therefore deposited at the underside of the H2O armored combat vehicle. Item 3 is the wet eliminator which collects the H2O droplets and eliminates it from the vapor. This will forestall the H2O or wet from traveling into the goon via the top conelike subdivision ( item 4 ) of the scrubber. The pure air is drawn into the goon ( item 7 ) . This suction procedure is done with the assistance of the blower ( item 14 ) . The outlet terminal of the goon is connected to a subdivision of canal which consists of testify vanes ( point 9 ) , set up in such a manner that air is direct in the upward way towards the perpendicular canal ( item 8 ) which so discharges the pure air to the ambiance.The H2O from the H2O armored combat vehicle can be extracted manually detecting the H2O quality through a crystalline screen. aft(prenominal) the armored combat vehicle is to the full emptied the H2O can be refilled into the armored combat vehicle by an extra recess which is located at the back terminal of the H2O armored combat vehicle every bit shown as figure 16 in the figure 10. The chief characteristic of the full procedure is the proper recirculation of H2O in the system, which mixes with the impure air to cut down the pollution degrees of the incoming gaseous mixture, therefore supplying a more purified and uncontaminated air to the ambiance leting a control in the air pollution and therefore lending to the decrease in the production of green house gases ensuing in the planetary heating.Cad theoretic account of fume scrubberFigure Isometric ViewThe CAD theoretical account was do of a jammed bed fume scrubber utilizing pro applied scientist. The fume scrubber was designed by piecing together different parts. The parts of the fume scrubber were modelled separate ly and so assembled together. The diagram above shows a fume scrubber with all parts assembled together. The bluish chamber has been made transparent to enable the reader to see the intragroup parts of the fume scrubber. The parts were explained separately in a old subdivision. The assembly was made by stipulating the restraints for each portion. For illustration, the bluish chamber is to be unwaveringly attached to the ruddy base. Therefore, the restraints were specified that at the oneness between the bluish chamber and the ruddy base, an disco biscuit way and Y way restraint was applied. Another illustration is the long ruddy connection tubing that joins the bluish chamber at the top. In that instance, the restraints are that the axes go throughing through the Centres of each must be coinciding i.e. the cross subdivisions of the two tubings must be homocentric. The same can be applied to all the other parts in the assembly. After the basic construction of the fume scrubber has been made by piecing the single parts, the moving parts and the mechanisms had to be specified. The chief moving machine is the blower which made of the fan and the motor. First, the mechanism was specified. The mechanism used was a rotating spliff applied to the shaft of the fan and the blower. Then, the way of lot motion of the mechanism was specified. Finally, the interaction with other parts of the assembly was specified. This is fundamentally to guarantee that no engagement occurs when the joint rotates e.g. such as the fan impinge on with the base or with the ruddy goon. This was a real basic description of the methodological analysis utilise in piecing the fume scrubber and making the motility simulation. The figure 12 on the following pageboy shows the front position of the fume scrubber for better apprehension of the system and besides the construction.Figure Fume ScrubberCFD of fume scrubberThe CFD ( Computational Fluid Dynamics ) analysis theoretical accounts the flow of the air through the fume scrubber. This gives a basic thought of the flight of the airstream and helps the internal decorators to modify the construction wherefore. The CFD simulates how the watercourse be inducts from entry to go out, and bespeaking the countries where the flow looses energy. The airstream used here is phoney at a volume flow rate of 10m3/s fluxing in from the chief recess country.Plots below are of the speed contour cloak-and-dagger plans and of stop number and Velocity in the y-direction.Figure speed contour sneaking(a) planFigure Y speed counter dark planThe graph shows the speed of the airstream at different countries of the flow inside the chief vas. As can be observed, the speed is the highest at the top of the fume scrubber, bespeaking that the air moves at a high swiftness at the top. Areas at a low speed have dveloped whirls, which result due to air at frigid speeds fluxing adjacently, doing the speeds to call off out. Looking at the Y speed conundrum plan, it can be seen that some portion of the recess air flow moves upward straight, while another volume of air moves downwardly. This portion so bounces back in to the upwards traveling air and merges with the flow.Figure Flow Trajectory of airstreamThe above secret plan gives a clear simulation of the flow forms of the air flow inside the construction figure recess to outlet. As can be seen, this escape representation mirrors the speed contour secret plans. Air moves from the recess in both the upwards and the downwards way. Upwards speed reaches its upper limit at the top of the mercantile establishment cone, while the other portion of the air flows back from the bottom towards the top. In the diagram, it can be seen that the air from the underside of the fume scrubber merges with the upwards fluxing air, which accelerates it further and tends to travel it towards the top mercantile establishment. The air flow simulated here is wholly disruptive. This means t hat the streamlines are non laminal and be given to travel in different waies once they exit the controlled infinite of the recess pipe. This pattern is legitimate in the sense that a true complete laminar flow does non be in the live universe, and to pattern the flight of the air as a turbulent fluid flow will give more accurate readings, which will be face-saving in usage for farther computations which can be taken out for different parametric quantities.FEA of fume scrubberWhen planing a portion or constituent, it is necessary to analyze the elements and understand the forces impacting the operation of the system, and to set the construction consequently to obtain a successful theoretical account of the concluding merchandise. Transporting out the FEA ( Finite Element Analysis ) of a construction reveals the fury degrees, strain undertaken, and the follow of the construction under the applied force.There are assorted forces moving on the fume scrubber, nevertheless, the chie f forces which apply a important consequence of the construction are the freight of the construction itself, the weight down of the H2O in the H2O armored combat vehicle, and the force exerted by the inflowing airstream. However, sing the stuff selected for the fume scrubber, which is unstained steel 304, the initial premise is that the construction will hold a high value of the factor of safety, which is an optimal factor used to depict the dependability and sustainability of the fume scrubber.13.1 CalculationsSee Appendix for measure by measure computation carried out to cipher the weight of the construction.Besides the computation for the Head losingss in the recirculation pump can be found in the Appendix.13.2 AnalysisThe FEA analysis of the fume scrubber is evaluated by sing it being fixed at the base of the theoretical account. This ensures that the fume scrubber does non skid from its base. However some scrubbers index be intended to hold a slew base, they have different specifications to go to to.Figure fixture of the base of the H2O armored combat vehicleThe forces being applied on the construction are the weight and the force per unit area due to the H2O and air. However, the air is fluxing at a comparatively low velocity and due to its low denseness, it does non impact a force sufficient plenty to associate to the weight and H2O force per unit area, therefore it is omitted from the computations for the simplification of the modeling.Transporting out engagement of the chief construction, it provides with the values of the emphasis distribution, replace and the factor of safety of the construction. These belongingss are sincerely serviceable when depicting the sum of force that the stuff can defy. It besides suffices as to how much excess accuse above the design emphasis can be undertaken by the construction if needed.Figure emphasis distributionThe figure shows the emphasis distribution across the construction due to the weight of the constru ction and the force per unit area on the H2O armored combat vehicle due to the H2O contained in it. As can be seen, the maximal emphasis occurs at the Centre of the H2O armored combat vehicle, which is about 39.2 MPa. This occurs because the centreline of the H2O armored combat vehicle experiences weight of the construction from the top and the reaction of the base from the underside, which tends to make a high emphasis at the center of the armored combat vehicle.Figure translation secret planThe supplanting secret plan mirrors the emphasis secret plan in footings of the overcritical countries where the supplanting is at a upper limit. Although the supplanting is higher on the armored combat vehicle than at the other countries, the value is comparatively low, well-nigh 0.09034mm and does non impact the armored combat vehicle in any physical position.Figure factor of safety secret planAs represented by the factor of safety secret plan, the minimal factor of safety is about 5.27, wh ich occurs at the H2O armored combat vehicle. This means that the construction can at least prolong about more than 5 times the emphasis that it was designed to achieve. This reflects the dependability and sustainability of the construction, which is really important to any company willing to put in it. This besides represents a step of the life-time of the fume scrubber, detailing how long the system will work expeditiously until it is sent to be scrapped.DiscussionThe usage of fume scrubbers in industry is change magnitude and is being incorporated in different procedures such as metal intervention, metal pickling, and machining. The efficiency of fume scrubbers available today can near 99.9 % . The procedure of smoke scouring is of import for the protection of the environment and for wash uping the gases and contaminated air produced or used by the assorted industrial procedures exposit above. The design of fume scrubbers is a long and iterative procedure. The demands for fume scrubbers are that they must be able to scour exhausts with atoms that can be less than five micrometers in size. The operation of the fume scrubber will differ harmonizing to the rule employed. These different rules of operation have been discussed in this study in item. Furthermore, a moisture packed bed perpendicular smoke scrubber has been described in inside informations in this study with the design procedure outlined and the analysis of the scrubber. The analysis include transporting out a CFD analysis to see the public presentation of the scrubber in footings of decelerating down the air and supplying the force per unit area needed for the disruptive commixture of the smoke atoms and gases with the cleansing liquid ( which efficaciously works by fade dispatch the gases and atoms in the exhausts ) . In this peculiar design although is non shown here, many jobs were encountered in the design of this scrubber to enable the efficient commixture to take topographic point. So, th e system was modify several times to make the coveted public presentation. In the CFD analysis, as discussed in the CFD subdivision it is noted that the velocity at the recess to the scrubber of the spray ( the cleansing liquid spray ) was reduced as the country of the cross-section of the fume scrubber increased. This created some jobs in the initial design as it led to uncontrolled flow of the liquid spray implication that it is disruptive but, it does non follow the way intended for it to travel through. This job was solved by the aid of CFD analysis together with the fluid kineticss knowledge base. The force per unit area inside the fume scrubber is non high ( at least in this instance as the type used was packed bed type ) . If the design made were a venturi type smoke scrubber, so the force per unit area used will hold to be considered since it can be rather high. However, in the instance of the design presented here the force per unit area was non high and so it was ignore d when a emphasis analysis was carried out. There are grounds for this. First, the force per unit area is really little and handling the fume scrubber as a force per unit area vas, it is seen by transporting out a simple computation that the emphasis in the walls, which will be maximal as a hoop emphasis, will non be high to be of importance. However, the perpendicular smoke scrubber besides acts a column or a prance and is subjected to a shipment due to its ain weight that acts as a compaction burden ( ideally ) which can do buckling of the scrubber. Buckling is an utmost instance as the wall thickness has to be really little and the tallness of the fume scrubber really big or the stuff from which it is made is holding a low snap modulus. The FEA showed that no buckling was at that place and so the compaction strength of the scrubber was equal. There is a safety factor for the scrubber and this besides takes into history the little force per unit area rise inside the scrubber. Aga in, the emphasiss in the walls due to the internal force per unit area have been ignored because these are little plenty to be neglected but for a venture type, these would hold been basically included in the emphasis analysis of the scrubber.DecisionThe decision from the above is that the usage of fume scrubber is a really cost effectual method of cleaning procedure air from the exhausts and suspended atoms in the air. The concern director or the mill which wishes to use fume scrubbers in its operations will be benefit from improved pureness of the fumes gases and better working environment in welding and metal machining premises. The clean air is an indispensable legal demand today and the usage of fume scrubbers helps make the set aims. Furthermore, the fume scrubber reduces environmental pollution that arises due to the particulates every bit good as the acidic and caustic gases produced in the exhausts. The chief issues to see are the type of fume scrubber to use, the contour, and the cost of the scrubber. The type will be dictated by the energy supply available to run the scrubber as the venture type scrubbers need to bring forth a high force per unit area spray which requires a big energy input. The jammed bed type has lower energy demands. The constellation to utilize i.e. horizontal or perpendicular will be dictated by the infinite available in the premises where the fume scrubber will be installed. The concluding factor is the cost of the scrubber which can be justified by transporting a cost analysis to compare the different types of the scrubbers to utilize.Mentions capital of Jamaica University, ( net profit ) Available at & lt & lt hypertext ship communications communications protocol //www.monroeenvironmental.com/air-scrubber-venturi.htm accessed 18/04/2010 & gt & gt capital of Jamaica University, ( cyberspace ) Available at hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejector_venturi_scrubber accessed on 18/04/2010capital of Jama ica University, ( Internet ) available at hypertext transfer protocol //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packed_bed accessed on 18/04/2010Wang, Lawrence K, Pereira, Norman L & A Hung, Yung TSE. ( 2004 ) Air Pollution Control Engineering ( Volume1 ) Dry Scrubber. USA Human Press IncKingston University, ( Internet ) Available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.amistco.com/PRODUCTS/ELIMINATORS/index.html accessed on 19/04/2010.Kingston University, ( cyberspace ) Available at & lt & lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.engineeringtoolbox.com/reynold-number-water-flow-pipes-d_574.html accessed on 21/04/2010 & gt & gt Kingston University, ( cyberspace ) available at & lt & lt hypertext transfer protocol //www.pipeflow.co.uk/public/articles/Darcy_Weisbach_Formula.pdf accessed on 22/04/2010 & gt & gt Kingston University, ( Internet ) available at hypertext transfer protocol //opencourseware.kfupm.edu.sa/colleges/ces/che/che309/files % 5C2-Experiments_Losses_in_Pipe_systems.pdf accessed on 22 /04/2010.Kingston University, ( Internet ) available at hypertext transfer protocol //www.thermexcel.com/english/ressourc/pdclocal.htmKingston University,hypertext transfer protocol //mysite.du.edu/jcalvert/tech/fluids/orifice.htmhypertext transfer protocol //www.surechem.com.my/ transfer/eijkelkamp/P2/P2-25e.pdfwww.pipeflow.co.uk/public/articles/Darcy_Weisbach_formula.pdfMention -Kingston University ( Internet ) , available at hypertext transfer protocol //process-equipment.globalspec.com/learnMore/Manufaturing_Process_Equipment/Air_Quality/ScrubbersBibliography